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Cardiopulmonary > Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system function is impacted by all of the following, EXCEPT:
a. Endocrine
b. Immune
c. Nervous
d. Urinary

A

b. Immune

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2
Q

Blood is composed of formed elements including:

A
  • Cells/cell fragments
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of blood volume that is erythrocytes

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4
Q

Major function(s) of erythrocytes:

A

gas transport

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5
Q

Platelets

A

colorless, non-nucleated cell fragments with numerous granules produced when cytoplasmic portions of large bone marrow cells pinch off and enter circulation

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6
Q

Platelets play a major role in

A

Blood clotting

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7
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Oxygen-poor blood from right ventricle travels to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium

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8
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle travels to all the organs and tissues of the body, except the lungs, and returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium.

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9
Q

Arteries carry blood

A

away from the heart

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10
Q

Veins carry blood

A

toward the heart

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11
Q

Pulmonary arteries carry _______ blood to the lungs

A

deoxygenated

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12
Q

Pulmonary veins carry _______ blood to the heart

A

oxygenated

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13
Q

Distribution of the blood is based on

A

physiologic demand

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14
Q

Force exerted by the blood

A

Pressure

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15
Q

volume of blood moved per unit time

A

Flow

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16
Q

Define resistance

A

how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points at any given pressure difference.

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17
Q

Factors affecting resistance

A
  • Blood viscosity
  • Total blood vessel length
  • Blood vessel radius
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18
Q

Epicardium

A

most superficial layer of heart tissue; fibrous layer

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer of heart, cardiac muscle

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20
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer of heart continuous with lining of blood vessels entering and leaving the heart.

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21
Q

Describe the contraction of the heart

A

Squeezing (like a a fluid-filled balloon)

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22
Q

Why are gap junctions important?

A

They allow the impulse spread of cardiac electrical activity

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23
Q

What neurotransmitter and branch of the autonomic nervous system binds to Beta-adrenergic receptors?

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine/sympathetic

24
Q

What neurotransmitter and branch of the autonomic nervous system binds to muscarinic receptors?

A

acetylocholine/parasympathetic

25
Q

Coronary arteries exit where to supply the heart?

A

Behind the aortic valve cusps in the aortic root

26
Q

Where do the coronary veins drain?

A

Coronary Sinus > Right Atrium

27
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

pacemaker for the heart

28
Q

What allows both the R and L atria to contract at relatively the same time?

A

Gap junctions allow for fast transmission of depolarization

29
Q

Describe the excitation of the heart.

A

SA node > internodal pathways > AV Node > Interventricular septum > bundle of His > Right and Left Bundle Branches > Purkinje Fibers

30
Q

Pacemaker Potential

A

slow, gradual depolarization (SA node)

31
Q

Automaticity

A

capacity for spontanous, rhythmic self-excitation

32
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A

the series of events that link the action potential (excitation) of the muscle cell membrane (the sarcolemma) to muscular contraction

33
Q

Why is the refractory period important in cardiac muscle?

A

prevents fatigue

34
Q

Systole

A

ventricular contration (blood ejection)

35
Q

Diastole

A

ventricular relaxation, blood filling

36
Q

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

ventricles contracting but blood cannot leave since all valves are closed, cardiac muscle is developing tension.

37
Q

Ventricular Ejection

A

period of ventricular contraction, in which muscle fibers shorten, blood is forced out of ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk

38
Q

What opens the aortic and pulmonary valves?

A

Rising pressure in ventricles form contraction

39
Q

Stroke Volume

A

volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole

SV = EDV - ESV

40
Q

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

A
  • first part of diastole, ventricles begin to relax
  • aortic and pulmonary values close
  • No blood is entering or leaving
41
Q

Ventricular Filling

A
  • AV valves open, blood flows from atria to ventricles
42
Q

80% of ventricular filling occurs ____ before atrial contraction, the final 20% occurs during the _______

A

passively, atrial kick

43
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per unti time (L/min)

CO = HR x SV

Normal CO ~ 5L/min

44
Q

Parasympathetic neuron stimulation of the SA node cuases

A

HR to decrease

45
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the SA node causes

A

HR to increase

46
Q

Chronotropic Effects

A

Changes to the heart rate

47
Q

Preload

A

changes in end-diastolic volume

48
Q

Afterload

A

aterial pressure against whcih the ventricles pump

49
Q

Frank-Starling Mechanism

A

ventricle contracts more forecefully when it has been filled to a greater degree.

50
Q

How does venous return affect cardiac output/stroke volume?

A

Increases them

51
Q

Inotropic

A

Contractility

52
Q

Norepinephrine binds to:

A

beta-adrenergic receptors

53
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

SV/EDV (%)
- Quantifies contractility

54
Q

How does increased afterload affect the ejection fraction?

A

reduces SV, therefore EF

55
Q
A

Cardiopulmonary (4 decks)

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