Vascular Pathology Flashcards
what are the 3 layers in arteries
Intima
Media
Adventitia
What makes up the intima
endothelial cells
what makes up the media
Smooth muscle cells
What makes up the adventitia
connective tissue
Nerves
vessels: supply the 1/2 - 1/3 of outer wall
What are two type of arteries
elastic and musular
Where are elastic arteries mostly found? what happens during systole and diastole
arteries and larger arteries
systole: relaxes
diastole: contracts
Where is the highest resistance in the cardiovascular system
arterioles
How does the flow change in arterioles
pulsatile to steady
what reduces in the arterioles
pressure and velocity
what has the largest total cross-sectional and surface area
capillaries
what makes up the capilliaries
endothelial lining
no media or adventitia
what is the preferred site for many types of inflammation
post capillary venules
compare veins with arteries
veins:
- larger lumen
- thinner walls
- valves - prevent reverse flow
endothelial cells metabolize what
hormones
what can loosen tight endothelial junction
- hemodynamic factors: hypertension
- vasoactive agents: histamine
What happens when the tight endothelial junction gets loose
- loss of electrolytes and proteins into tissue
- escape of leukocytes, in inflammation
what are 2 types of responses of injury to the endothelial cells
- activation
2. dysfunction
what does activation of endothelial cells result in
- expression of adhesion molecules
- production of cytokines, chemokines, vasoactive molecules, pro- and anti-coagulants
dysfunction of endothelial cell in injury impairs what
vasoreactivity
dysfunction of endothelial cells contributes to what happening next
- thrombus formation
- initiation of atherosclerosis
- vascular effects of hypertension and other disorders
during intimal thickening from injury what do the endothelial cells do
migrate into intima from adjacent uninjured areas or derived from circulating precursors
During intimal thickening from injury what do the smooth muscles do?
- migrate into intima from media or circulating precurosors
- proliferate, synthesize ECM
neointimal smooth muscle cells express what phenotype
proliferative not contractile
intimal thickening from injury can cause what to the vessels
stenosis
occlusion of small and medium-sized vessels
