Vascular Pathology

Question 1

what are the 3 layers in arteries

Answer 1

Intima
Media
Adventitia

Question 2

What makes up the intima

Answer 2

endothelial cells

Question 3

what makes up the media

Answer 3

Smooth muscle cells

Question 4

What makes up the adventitia

Answer 4

connective tissue
Nerves
vessels: supply the 1/2 - 1/3 of outer wall

Question 5

What are two type of arteries

Answer 5

elastic and musular

Question 6

Where are elastic arteries mostly found? what happens during systole and diastole

Answer 6

arteries and larger arteries

systole: relaxes
diastole: contracts

Question 7

Where is the highest resistance in the cardiovascular system

Answer 7

arterioles

Question 8

How does the flow change in arterioles

Answer 8

pulsatile to steady

Question 9

what reduces in the arterioles

Answer 9

pressure and velocity

Question 10

what has the largest total cross-sectional and surface area

Answer 10

capillaries

Question 11

what makes up the capilliaries

Answer 11

endothelial lining

no media or adventitia

Question 12

what is the preferred site for many types of inflammation

Answer 12

post capillary venules

Question 13

compare veins with arteries

Answer 13

veins:

• larger lumen
• thinner walls
• valves - prevent reverse flow

Question 14

endothelial cells metabolize what

Answer 14

hormones

Question 15

what can loosen tight endothelial junction

Answer 15

• hemodynamic factors: hypertension

- vasoactive agents: histamine

Question 16

What happens when the tight endothelial junction gets loose

Answer 16

• loss of electrolytes and proteins into tissue

- escape of leukocytes, in inflammation

Question 17

what are 2 types of responses of injury to the endothelial cells

Answer 17

1. activation

2. dysfunction

Question 18

what does activation of endothelial cells result in

Answer 18

• expression of adhesion molecules

- production of cytokines, chemokines, vasoactive molecules, pro- and anti-coagulants

Question 19

dysfunction of endothelial cell in injury impairs what

Answer 19

vasoreactivity

Question 20

dysfunction of endothelial cells contributes to what happening next

Answer 20

• thrombus formation
• initiation of atherosclerosis
• vascular effects of hypertension and other disorders

Question 21

during intimal thickening from injury what do the endothelial cells do

Answer 21

migrate into intima from adjacent uninjured areas or derived from circulating precursors

Question 22

During intimal thickening from injury what do the smooth muscles do?

Answer 22

• migrate into intima from media or circulating precurosors

- proliferate, synthesize ECM

Question 23

neointimal smooth muscle cells express what phenotype

Answer 23

proliferative not contractile

Question 24

intimal thickening from injury can cause what to the vessels

Answer 24

stenosis

occlusion of small and medium-sized vessels

Question 25

bad cholesterol

Answer 25

LDL

Question 26

good cholesterol

Answer 26

HDL

Question 27

what lowers LDL

Answer 27

omega-3 fatty acids

statin

Question 28

what raises LDL

Answer 28

dietary intake of cholesterol, saturated fats, trans-unsaturated fats

Question 29

role of HDL

Answer 29

mobilizes cholesterol from tissue, transports it to liver for excretion in bile

Question 30

what increases HDL

Answer 30

exercise and EtOH in moderation

Question 31

what lowers HDL

Answer 31

obesity, smoking, sometimes statins

Question 32

C-reactive protein is a marker for what

Answer 32

inflammation

Question 33

what happens to the endothelium cells in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Answer 33

1. platelets stick to injured endothelium

2. factors released