vascular pathology Flashcards
atheroma can cause turbulent air
what is an atheroma contained within
fibrous cap
what happens to atheroma’s over time
they become calcified over time
- progressive vessel narrowing
what is peripheral vascular disease
atheromatous plaque formation occurs in larger peripheral vessels usually lower limb
- progressive narrowing limits blood flow to lower limb
how can peripheral vascular disease causes ischaemia
exercise increases oxygen demand for muscles which cannot be fulfilled and hence developing ischaemia
what is claudication
Claudication refers to muscle pain due to lack of oxygen that’s triggered by activity and relieved by rest.
what are 2 forms of treatment for peripheral vascular disease
angioplasty or bypass surgery
what may be needed if ischaemia is severe
limb amputation
what is thrombosis
thrombosis may form at site of atheroma due to plaque damage
blood clot
what can be a sign of thrombosis
cold limb with reduced/absent peripheral pulses
what happens if the thrombosis occurs in the carotids and ebomlises (blocked vessel)
stroke
what is atherosclerosis
thickening/hardenning of arteries
what can hypertension do to atherosclerosis
accelerate atherosclerosis
give a few examples of the secondary effects of hypertension
left ventricular hypertrophy
coronary artery disease
cerebrovascular disease (haemorrhage and ischaemic)
retinopathy
nephropathy ( the deterioration of kidney function. )
aneurysm (a bulging, weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel resulting in an abnormal widening )
what are the 4 types of aneurysms and what are they
- fusiform, circumferential (aneurysm that has a circumferential and ballooning shape, around whole artery)
- fusiform saccular ( bulges on one side)
- false (breach to the arterial wall, loss of wall integrity and clot attached )
- dissecting, saccular (loss of wall integrity with eccentric dilation)
what is an aneurysm
dilation of artery x2 normal
what are some causes of aneurymssm
- atherosclerosis
- connective tissue disease
- infection
- increased risk with hypertension
what screening is used to find abdominal aortic aneurysms
ultrasound
what treatment is used for aneurysms
surgery or end-vascular graft
what is aortic dissection
a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body’s main artery (aorta). Blood rushes through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to split
what are treatments if the dissection occurs in the ascending or descending aorta
if in ascending = ascending aorta replaced
if in descending = blood pressure control
what are varicose veins
failure of venous valves within lower limb venous return
treatment for varicose veins?
vein removal or scleorosing injection as valves cant be repaired
whats deep vein thrombosis
thrombosis in deeper vein
common in calf, femoral or iliac veins
