cardiac pathology Flashcards
what does CAD disease stand for
coronary heart disease
what is CAD and what can cause it
build of atheroma within coronary arteries making them narrow
causes of atheroma formation?
- chronic endothelial damage
- lipid deposition
- smooth muscle polifeation
- calcification eventuallyw
what is angina
not enough blood going to the heart (causing chest pain)
what is ischaemia
not enough oxygen going to heart (usually due to atheroma)
whats the difference between stable and unstable angina
stable:
- predicatioable / caused by exercise, relived by rest
- limited duration
- relived by antianginal medication
unstable:
- sudden deterioration in stable angina
- unpredictable
- needs hospital admission
what is myocardial infarcton
death of cardiac myocytes due to prolonged ischemia
what is acute coronary syndrome
clot forms on disrupted atheromatous plaque
- occulting the vessels or
- narrowing the vessel or
- shower off emboli into smaller vessels
(outcomes include unstable angina if no myocardial damage)
non STEMI if small infarct
STEMI if large infarct
what does STEMI/ NON STEMI stand for and what is it
- Non-ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of heart attack in which a minor artery of the heart is completely blocked or a major artery of the heart is partially blocked.
- It is less serious than a “classic” heart attack, known as an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
list some risk factors of CAD/MI
hypertension
high cholesterol
smoking
diabetes
obesity
inactivity
family history
age
sex
what are 2 types of medications used to stabilise angina
- to vasodilator or slow heart rate (e.g sublingual nitrates, beta lockers, calcium channel blockers)
- to reduce risk of MI (e.g anti platelet drugs, lipid lowering agents
what are some other ways to stabilise angina without medication
- percutaneous intervention (stent) (non-surgical_
- coronary bypass grafting
what does CABG stand for and what is it
Coronary artery bypass graft
- diverts blood around narrowed or clogged parts of the major arteries to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart.
what is hypertension
persistently raised blood pressure
main causes of hypertension?
age
genetics
sex
lifestyle
obesity etc
what are some risks with hypertension
- vessel wall damage (aneurysms, dissection, stenoses_
- left ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of ventricle wall)
- increased risk of MI and stroke
- increases risk of renal disease
- retinal disease
what are some medications given for hypertension
diuretics
ace inhibitor
calcium channel blocker
alpha/beta blockers
define heart failure
complex clinical syndrome which heart cant pump enough blood to meet the body’s requirement
symptoms of heart failure
SOB
orthopnoea
palpitations
syncope
ankle swelling
what does HFREF and HFPEF stand for and what are they
- heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (myocardium doesnt contract adequately)
- heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (myocardium doesnt relax adequately)
explain process of left ventricular failure
- LV weakens and cant empty
- decreed cardiac output to system
- decreased renal blood flow stimulates renin-angiotensin and aldosterone secretion
- backup blood into pulmonary vein
- high pressure in pulmonary capillaries leads to pulmonary congestion or edema
explain process of right ventricular failure
- RV weakens and cant empty
- decreased cardiac output to system
- decreased renal blood flow stimulates renin-angiotensin and aldosterone secretion
- back up blood into systemic circulation
- increased venous pressure results in edema in legs and liver and abdominal organs
- very high venous pressure causes dissented neck vein and cerebral edema
what are 4 treatments for ventricular failure
- meds e.g diuretics
- heart transplant
- ventricular assis devices
- ## resync pacemaler
what is myocarditis/ heart muscle disease
inflammation of myocardium
