Vascular disease (Yr4)

Question 1

what are the four main systems effected by hypertension?

Answer 1

ocular, CNS, cardiac, renal

Question 2

how can systemic hypertension be treated?

Answer 2

amlodipine
ACE inhibitor (benazepril)
angiotensin II receptor blocker (telmisartan)

Question 3

what is the mode of action of amlodipine?

Answer 3

calcium channel antagonist with effects limited to vascular smooth muscle (causing vasodilation)

Question 4

when would ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers be indicated for hypertension?

Answer 4

presence of proteinuria (they reduce glomerular pressure and hence GFR)

Question 5

what three factors cause blood clots? (virchows triad)

Answer 5

stasis of blood flow
hypercoagulable state
endothelial damage

Question 6

where does embolisation typically occur in cats?

Answer 6

distal aorta (FATE)

Question 7

what are the clinical signs of FATE in cats?

Answer 7

severe, acute pain and loss of function in hindlimbs
cold limbs
cyanotic footpads and nailbeds

Question 8

what is the prognosis for FATE lesions?

Answer 8

grave

Question 9

what treatment should be administered to FATE cases?

Answer 9

opioids (pain management)
clopidogrel (anti-platelet)
aspirin (prevent platelet activation)
apixaban (anti-thrombotic)

Question 10

what is the typical cause of thrombus formation in dogs?

Answer 10

endocrinopathy (hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism)