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Cardiology (small) > ECGs (Yr3) > Flashcards

ECGs (Yr3) Flashcards

1
Q

how is electrical activity conducted across the atria?

A

cell to cell

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2
Q

what causes the P wave?

A

atrial depolarisation

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3
Q

what causes the P-R interval?

A

wave of depolarisation reaching the AV node and being slowed down

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4
Q

what causes the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarisation

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5
Q

what causes the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarisation

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6
Q

what is the amplitude of a wave of depolarisation associated with?

A

size of the atria/ventricles

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7
Q

where are the ECG leads attached to?

A

red - right fore
yellow - left fore
green - left hind
black - right hind

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8
Q

what is the best lead to assess the heart? and why?

A

lead II as it runs roughly parallel to heart position (from right fore to left hind)

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9
Q

what does normal narrow QRS complexes mean if an animal has an arrhythmia?

A

supraventrcular origin

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10
Q

what does wide bizarre QRS complexes mean?

A

ventricular origin or there is a conduction disturbance within the purkinje fibres so conduction is cell to cell

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11
Q

what is the normal HR for a dog?

A

70-160bpm
(<220 for pups)

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12
Q

what is the normal HR for cats?

A

160-240bpm

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13
Q

in terms of chambers, what does a prolonged P wave mean?

A

left atrial enlargement (P mitrale)

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14
Q

in terms of chambers, what does a tall P wave mean?

A

right atrial enlargement

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15
Q

in terms of chambers, what does a tall R wave mean?

A

left ventricular enlargement

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16
Q

in terms of chambers, what does a prolonged QRS complex means?

A

ventricular enlargement/hypertrophy

17
Q

what is sinus arrhythmia?

A

normal heart rhythm indicating high vagal tone in dogs
R-R increases with expiration and decreases with inspiration

18
Q

what is sinus arrest?

A

no electrical activity for a period of time exceeding two normal R-R intervals (can be due to high vagal tone)

19
Q

what is first degree AV block?

A

normal ratio of P:QRS but the P-R interval is longer than it should be (could be due to drugs, disease or high vagal tone)

20
Q

what is second degree AV block?

A

some P waves are not followed by QRS complexes

21
Q

what is mobitz one second degree AV block?

A

P-R interval slowly increases until QRS is dropped
some non-conducting P-waves present and varying P-R interval (it is normal and reflects high vagal tone)

22
Q

what is mobitz two second degree AV block?

A

random non-conducting P waves

23
Q

what is third degree AV block?

A

P waves and QRS complexes have no relationship to each other

24
Q

are third degree AV blocks always associated with disease?

A

yes, always associated with disease of the conduction system

25
Q

what is a feature seen with third degree AV block, that is responsible for “rescuing” the heart?

A

ventricular escape complexes

26
Q

how do the T waves and QRS complexes appear with third degree AV block?

A

wide/bizarre QRS
oppositely directed T waves

27
Q

what is atrial fibrillation associated with?

A

dilated or stretched atria meaning normal cell to cell conduction is lost

28
Q

how do the T waves, P waves and QRS complexes appear in cases of atrial fibrillation?

A

T waves and QRS complexes are normal
no P waves (usually get fibrillation)

29
Q

what causes a supraventricular premature complex?

A

ectopic focus in the atria or AV junction depolarises the atria prematurely causing a normal looking premature complex

30
Q

what is it called when there is a run of supraventricular premature complexes?

A

paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

31
Q

what is the hallmark feature of a ventricular ectopic complexes?

A

wide and bizarre QRS
oppositely directed T waves

32
Q

what is ventricular bigeminy?

A

alternating sinus complexes (normal P, QRS, T) with ventricular premature complexes (wide bizarre QRS, opposite T waves)

33
Q

what is the outcome for animals in ventricular fibrillation?

A

usually terminal event

34
Q

how does hyperkalaemia affect ECGs?

A

bradycardia
no discernible P waves
normal QRS complex
tall spikes T waves (negative, positive or biphasic)

Cardiology (small) (14 decks)

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