Cardiology (Yr 1)

Question 1

what are the boundaries of the thorax?

Answer 1

thoracic inlet
thoracic vertebrae
ribcage
sternum
diaphragm

Question 2

what is the point at which the bone joins the cartilage of the ribs known as?

Answer 2

costochondral junction

Question 3

what is the most cranial sternebrae known as?

Answer 3

manubrium

Question 4

what is the most caudal sternebrae known as?

Answer 4

xiphoid process

Question 5

how many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 5

two (cranial, caudal)

Question 6

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 6

4 (cranial, middle, caudal, accessory)

Question 7

what are the two parts of the pleura?

Answer 7

visceral and parietal

Question 8

where does the base of the heart sit?

Answer 8

dorsally and cranially

Question 9

what its the serous membrane that encapsulates the heart?

Answer 9

pericardium

Question 10

what are the layers of the heart from outside to inside?

Answer 10

pericardium
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Question 11

what is the left atrioventricular valve called?

Answer 11

mitral/bicuspid

Question 12

where does the right side of the heart sit in relation to the left?

Answer 12

cranially and to the right

Question 13

what are the outpouchings on the atria known as?

Answer 13

atrial appendage or auricles

Question 14

where does the left atrium receive blood from?

Answer 14

pulmonary veins (oxygenated)

Question 15

where does the right atrium receive blood from?

Answer 15

cranial/caudal vena cava (deoxygenated)

Question 16

what does the left ventricle pump blood into?

Answer 16

aorta (via aortic valve)

Question 17

what does the right ventricle pump blood into?

Answer 17

pulmonary artery (via pulmonic valve)

Question 18

what are the aortic and pulmonic valves also known as?

Answer 18

semilunar valves

Question 19

what is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called?

Answer 19

systole

Question 20

what is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle called?

Answer 20

diastole

Question 21

what is isovolumetric relaxation and contraction?

Answer 21

when the walls begin to contract/relax but the valves aren’t open so the volume stays the same

Question 22

what heart sounds are normal in dogs?

Answer 22

S1 and S2

Question 23

what is S1?

Answer 23

AV valves close and blood hits the closed wall/valve (end of diastole)

Question 24

what is S2?

Answer 24

pulmonic and aortic valves close and blood reverberates in the vessels as it slows down (end of systole)

Question 25

what is S3?

Answer 25

blood turbulence in left ventricle as if flows in from the atria (only in physiological in horses)

Question 26

what is S4?

Answer 26

increased contraction of the atria due to impaired relaxation of the ventricular wall (only physiological in horses)

Question 27

what small animals is S4 audible in?

Answer 27

those with impaired relaxation of the ventricle

Question 28

what are S3 and S4 known as if heard in dogs/cats?

Answer 28

gallop rhythms

Question 29

what rib spaces do you listen to the heart in?

Answer 29

3, 4, 5 (left)
4,5 (right)

Question 30

what is the pathway of electrical activity in the heart?

Answer 30

sinoatrial node
cell to cell conduction through atria
atrioventricular node
annulus fibrosis
bundle of his (atrioventricular bundle)
purkinje fibres

Question 31

what attaches the valve cusps in the heart to the muscular wall?

Answer 31

chordae tendinae attaching to papillary muscles

Question 32

what are the four valves of the heart supported by?

Answer 32

annulus fibrosus (a fibrous skeleton)

Question 33

what percentage bodyweight is fluid?

Answer 33

70%

Question 34

what are the rough proportions of intracellular and extracellular fluid?

Answer 34

2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular

Question 35

what is the parts of extracellular fluid?

Answer 35

plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 36

what is collateral circulation?

Answer 36

side branches of arteries that can accommodate to blockages in the main trunk to deliver blood to tissue

Question 37

what is the name for movement of cells out of a vessel lumen?

Answer 37

diapedesis

Question 38

what regulates the blood flow into capillary beds?

Answer 38

pre-capillary sphincter zone within the arterioles

Question 39

what is the pressure and volume reservoirs of circulation?

Answer 39

pressure - arteries
volume - veins

Question 40

what are the three basic layers of the walls of arteries/veins?

Answer 40

tunica intima (endothelial lining)
tunic media (smooth muscle and elastic tissue)
tunic adventitia (connective tissue)

Question 41

what is there blood supply to the thick walls of large arteries called?

Answer 41

vasa vasorum

Question 42

what are the areas that allow movement of water soluble molecules out of a capillary called?

Answer 42

gap junctions

Question 43

what are the great vessels of the heart?

Answer 43

aorta
pulmonary trunk
cranial/caudal vena cava
pulmonary veins
coronary arteries/veins

Question 44

what is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 44

pressure a fluid exerts on its container (blood in a vessel..)

Question 45

what is perfusion pressure?

Answer 45

difference in pressure between two points in a blood vessel allowing flow of blood

Question 46

what is starlings law?

Answer 46

the balance of hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure determines the amount of fluid and the direction it moves across a wall

Question 47

what are three portal systems that exist in the body?

Answer 47

hepatic
kidney
hypothalamus to pituitary