Pulmonary disease (Yr4) Flashcards
where are audible breathing noises (heard without a stethoscope) localised to?
upper respiratory tract
what is the general cause of upper airway inspiratory noise?
obstruction
what is the general cause of upper airway expiratory noise?
dynamic airway collapse or bronchial narrowing (such as asthma)
what are some possible causes of combined (inspiratory/expiratory) dyspnoea?
pulmonary oedema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusions
is obstructive dyspnoea inspiratory or expiratory?
can be either…
expiratory - bronchospasm (asthma)
inspiratory - upper airway obstruction
is restrictive dyspnoea inspiratory or expiratory?
usually both due to conditions such as pleural effusion
if a dyspneic patient doesn’t respond well to oxygen, where can the lesion be localised to?
heart (CHF) as respiratory cases should respond well to oxygen supplementation
what pathology is increased expiratory duration and effort consistent with?
dynamic bronchial collapse (bronchoconstriction)
what might cause paradoxical respiration?
(this is when ribs are sucked in during inspiration)… neurological conditions and trauma including rib fractures
can also been seen with dyspneic animals also
what might cause crackles when auscultating the lungs?
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
pulmonary oedema
increased airway secretions
what is the typical cause of an expiratory wheeze?
bronchial narrowing
what is stridor?
high pitch musical respiratory noise
what is the typical cause of inspiratory stridor?
upper airway obstruction
if there are changes to the vocalisation of the animal, where can the lesion be localised to?
larynx
where is a needle inserted for thoracocentesis?
7th or 8th intercostal space
what is the underlying cause of pneumocystosis?
immune deficiency (patients that are immunosuppressed)
what is the causative agent of pneumocystosis?
Pneumocystis carinii (fungi)
how is pneumocytosis treated?
trimethoprine potentiated sulphonamides
what lungworm is commonly found across Europe?
Angiostrongylus vasorum
what is done to diagnose Angiostrongylus vasorum?
baermans tests (larvae in faeces)
SNAP test for antigens
how is Angiostrongylus vasorum treated?
fenbendazole
milbemycin
moxidectin
how can Angiostrongylus vasorum be prevented in traveling dogs?
moxidectin
milbemycin (every 4 weeks)
what breeds are predisposed to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
terriers (west highland white and cairn)
how do patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis typically present?
severe dyspnoea and cyanosis
marked abdominal effort (hypertrophy)
widespread inspiratory crackles
(owners don’t typically present them when showing signs such as exercise intolerance)
