vascular disease

Question 1

what is the main type of vascular disease in arteries?

Answer 1

atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis

Question 2

what size and type of arteries does atherosclerosis usually affect?

Answer 2

large and medium sized elastic and muscular arteries

Question 3

what are the characteristics of atherosclerosis?

Answer 3

lipid deposition, fibrosis and chronic inflammation

Question 4

what forms the ‘cap’ of atheromatous?

Answer 4

smooth muscle cells. macrophages, foam cells, lymphocytes, collagen and elastin

Question 5

what part of the atheromatous forms the necrotic centre?

Answer 5

cell debris, cholesterol crystals, foam cells and calcium

Question 6

what causes peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 6

atheroma of distal aorta, iliac and femoral arteries

Question 7

what effect does peripheral vascular disease have on the lower limbs?

Answer 7

causes ischaemia

Question 8

what are four effects peripheral vascular disease can have?

Answer 8

intermittent claudication
pain
ulcers
gangrene

Question 9

what is the definition of an aneurysm?

Answer 9

a localised, permanent, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the heart

Question 10

which artery is the most commonly affected by atherosclerotic aneurysms?

Answer 10

usually abdominal aorta, distal to renal arteries

Question 11

what is the length of atherosclerotic aneurysms usually?

Answer 11

15-25cm

Question 12

by how much percentage can the wall of the artery increase in size in an atherosclerotic aneurysm?

Answer 12

more than 50%

Question 13

what are some clinical consequences of an atherosclerotic aneurysm?

Answer 13

thrombosis
embolism
rupture
obstruction of a branch vessel (which in turn would lead to ischemic injury)
impingement on an adjacent structure

Question 14

what causes a dissecting aortic aneurysm?

Answer 14

blood flow beneath the tunica intima (usually starts with an intimal tear 1-2cm from aortic valves)

Question 15

what is the most common clinical presentation of an aortic aneurysm?

Answer 15

sudden onset of excruciating pain in the back between the scapulae

Question 16

what is the most common cause of death with a dissecting aortic aneurysm?

Answer 16

rupture of the dissection outwards into pericardial, pleura or peritoneal cavities

Question 17

where in the body do berry aneurysms occur?

Answer 17

in the circle of willis

Question 18

what age of people are usually affected by a berry aneurysm?

Answer 18

young people

Question 19

what is an affect of a berry aneurysm?

Answer 19

sub-arachnoid haemorrhage

Question 20

which artery is most commonly affected by capillary micro-aneurysms?

Answer 20

small branches of middle cerebral artery

Question 21

what diseases are associated with causing capillary micro-aneurysms?

Answer 21

hypertension and diabetes mellitus

Question 22

the final stage of syphilis can cause syphilitic aneurysms, which artery is most commonly affected?

Answer 22

the thoracic aorta

Question 23

what causes mycotic aneurysms?

Answer 23

the wall of the artery is weekend by a bacterial or fungal infection

Question 24

what causes varicose veins?

Answer 24

caused by blood accumulation in superficial venous system because of incompetent communicating veins between the superficial and deep veins

Question 25

what is the most common veins affected in the lower limbs?

Answer 25

saphenous system

Question 26

what pathological feature causes varicose veins to develop?

Answer 26

prolonged, increased intraluminal pressure in the veins and loss of vessel wall support

Question 27

what is the clinical presentation of varicose veins?

Answer 27

aching in the legs, cosmetic problems, skin ulceration and bleeding

Question 28

what is vasculitis?

Answer 28

inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessels (most commonly arteries)
(usually auto-immune disease)

Question 29

what is the most commonly affected aftery in giant-cell arteritis?

Answer 29

temporal artery

Question 30

what is the clinical presentation of Takayasu arteritis?

Answer 30

no palpable upper limb pulses

most commonly affects arch of aorta

Question 31

what type of arteries are affected in polyarteritis nodosa?

Answer 31

medium small sized muscular arteries of the kidneys, heart, liver and GI tract

Question 32

what type of vasculitis usually affects children under 4 years old and causes a high fever, conjunctival and oral lesions but disappears usually with age?

Answer 32

kawasaki disease

Question 33

The following signs and symptoms are characteristic of which the of vasculitis?

• dizziness
• visual disturbances
• dyspnoea
• intermittent claudication in upper limbs
• asymmetric Bp

Answer 33

Takayasu arteritis (caused by inflammation and thinking of arch of aorta) (usually treated with steroids)

Question 34

what is the name of a benign vascular tumour?

Answer 34

angioma

Question 35

what is the name of a benign vascular tumour?

Answer 35

haemangioma

Question 36

what is the name of a juvenile haemangioma?

Answer 36

strawberry

Question 37

what type of blood vessel is usually affected in a ruby spot haemangioma?

Answer 37

capillaries (of skin, spleen and kidneys)

Question 38

what organs do cavernous haemangiomas usually affect?

Answer 38

skin, spleen, liver and pancreas

Question 39

what is the name of a malignant vascular tumour?

Answer 39

angiosarcoma