middle mediastinum Flashcards
what is the mediastinum bound by?
the two pleural sacs, sternum and costal cartilage and the the thoracic vertebrae and the thoracic inlet and outlet
what does the middle mediastinum contain?
the heart, the origin of the great vessels (pulmonary trunk, and aorta) and end point of vena cava; pericardium and the phrenic nerves and vagus nerves
what are the three major vessels found on the right side of the mediastinum related to the right atrium and veins?
- superior vena cava
- arch of azygos
- inferior vena cava
what are the three major vessels found on the left side of the mediastinum related to the left ventricle and arteries?
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
- arch or aorta
- thoracic aorta
what are the two layers of the pericardium?
the outer fibrous layer and the inner serous layer
what does the outer fibrous pericardium fuse with?
the adventitia of the great vessels
what does the fibrous pericardium fuse with INFERIORLY?
the central tendon of the diaphragm/ pericardiophrenic ligament
what are the two layer son the serous pericardium?
parietal and visceral
which layer of the serous pericardium lines the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?
the parietal layer
what is another name for the visceral pericardium?
the epicardium
which two layers form the pericardial cavity?
between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
how much pericardial fluid is produced by the serous pericardium?
10-15ml
what is the purpose of the pericardial fluid?
to reduce friction during contraction of the heart
where is the transverse sinus found (the sinus of Thiele)?
behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk and in front of the superior vena cava
where is the oblique pericardial sinus (haller’s cul-de-sac) found?
behind the left atrium
what are two of the main arteries which supply the pericardium?
the pericardiacophrenic artery and the musculophrenic artery
what is another major artery which branches to supply the pericardium? of the
the thoracic aorta
what artery supplies the visceral layer of the pericardium?
the coronary artery
which vein drains blood from the pericardium into the superior vena cava?
the azygos vein
which vein drains blood from the pericardium into the internal thoracic vein?
the pericardiacophrenic vein
which vein does the internal thoracic vein drain into?
the brachiocephalic vein
which lymph nodes does the pericardium drain into?
the tracheobronchial lymph nodes
what nerves give the SENSORY supply to the pericardium?
the phrenic nerves
which nerve gives vasomotor (autonomic) supply to the pericardium?
the vagus nerve
which nerves give sympathetic supply to the pericardium?
cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
which spinal nerve does the phrenic nerve mainly arise from?
mainly from C4
across the anterior surface of which muscle does the phrenic nerve descend across?
the scalenus anterior muscle
between which artery and vein does the phrenic nerve enter the superior mediastinum?
the subclavian artery and vein
what artery accompanies the phrenic nerve, passing between the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pleura?
the pericardiacophrenic artery
what level is the apex of the heart at?
left 5th intercostal space
what is the base of the heart primarily composed of?
left atrium and pulmonary veins
what level is the base of the heart fixed at?
the level of T6-T9
what is the sternocostal surface of the heart mainly composed of?
right ventricle (small portion of right atrium)
what is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart mainly composed of?
left ventricle (small portion of left atrium)
what is the base and diaphragmatic surface of the heart separated by?
the coronary sinus
what is the right margin of the heart composed of?
the superior vena cava, right atrium and inferior vena cava
what is the left margin of the heart composed of?
the arch of the aorta, pulmonary trunk and left ventricle
which external sulcus of the heart is found on the anterior surface to the right of the apex?
the anterior inter ventricular sulcus
what blood vessels are found in the anterior inter ventricular sulcus?
anterior inter ventricular artery and great cardiac vein
what blood vessels does the posterior interventricualr sulcus contain?
the posterior inter ventricular artery and middle cardiac vein
what partition doe the coronary sulcus form?
separates the atria from the ventricles
what structures doe the coronary sulcus contain?
the right coronary artery, left circumflex artery, small cardiac vein and the coronary sinus
