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second year > middle mediastinum > Flashcards

middle mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mediastinum bound by?

A

the two pleural sacs, sternum and costal cartilage and the the thoracic vertebrae and the thoracic inlet and outlet

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2
Q

what does the middle mediastinum contain?

A

the heart, the origin of the great vessels (pulmonary trunk, and aorta) and end point of vena cava; pericardium and the phrenic nerves and vagus nerves

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3
Q

what are the three major vessels found on the right side of the mediastinum related to the right atrium and veins?

A
  • superior vena cava
  • arch of azygos
  • inferior vena cava
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4
Q

what are the three major vessels found on the left side of the mediastinum related to the left ventricle and arteries?

A
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
  • arch or aorta
  • thoracic aorta
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5
Q

what are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

the outer fibrous layer and the inner serous layer

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6
Q

what does the outer fibrous pericardium fuse with?

A

the adventitia of the great vessels

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7
Q

what does the fibrous pericardium fuse with INFERIORLY?

A

the central tendon of the diaphragm/ pericardiophrenic ligament

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8
Q

what are the two layer son the serous pericardium?

A

parietal and visceral

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9
Q

which layer of the serous pericardium lines the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

A

the parietal layer

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10
Q

what is another name for the visceral pericardium?

A

the epicardium

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11
Q

which two layers form the pericardial cavity?

A

between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

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12
Q

how much pericardial fluid is produced by the serous pericardium?

A

10-15ml

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the pericardial fluid?

A

to reduce friction during contraction of the heart

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14
Q

where is the transverse sinus found (the sinus of Thiele)?

A

behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk and in front of the superior vena cava

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15
Q

where is the oblique pericardial sinus (haller’s cul-de-sac) found?

A

behind the left atrium

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16
Q

what are two of the main arteries which supply the pericardium?

A

the pericardiacophrenic artery and the musculophrenic artery

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17
Q

what is another major artery which branches to supply the pericardium? of the

A

the thoracic aorta

18
Q

what artery supplies the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

the coronary artery

19
Q

which vein drains blood from the pericardium into the superior vena cava?

A

the azygos vein

20
Q

which vein drains blood from the pericardium into the internal thoracic vein?

A

the pericardiacophrenic vein

21
Q

which vein does the internal thoracic vein drain into?

A

the brachiocephalic vein

22
Q

which lymph nodes does the pericardium drain into?

A

the tracheobronchial lymph nodes

23
Q

what nerves give the SENSORY supply to the pericardium?

A

the phrenic nerves

24
Q

which nerve gives vasomotor (autonomic) supply to the pericardium?

A

the vagus nerve

25
Q

which nerves give sympathetic supply to the pericardium?

A

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

26
Q

which spinal nerve does the phrenic nerve mainly arise from?

A

mainly from C4

27
Q

across the anterior surface of which muscle does the phrenic nerve descend across?

A

the scalenus anterior muscle

28
Q

between which artery and vein does the phrenic nerve enter the superior mediastinum?

A

the subclavian artery and vein

29
Q

what artery accompanies the phrenic nerve, passing between the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pleura?

A

the pericardiacophrenic artery

30
Q

what level is the apex of the heart at?

A

left 5th intercostal space

31
Q

what is the base of the heart primarily composed of?

A

left atrium and pulmonary veins

32
Q

what level is the base of the heart fixed at?

A

the level of T6-T9

33
Q

what is the sternocostal surface of the heart mainly composed of?

A

right ventricle (small portion of right atrium)

34
Q

what is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart mainly composed of?

A

left ventricle (small portion of left atrium)

35
Q

what is the base and diaphragmatic surface of the heart separated by?

A

the coronary sinus

36
Q

what is the right margin of the heart composed of?

A

the superior vena cava, right atrium and inferior vena cava

37
Q

what is the left margin of the heart composed of?

A

the arch of the aorta, pulmonary trunk and left ventricle

38
Q

which external sulcus of the heart is found on the anterior surface to the right of the apex?

A

the anterior inter ventricular sulcus

39
Q

what blood vessels are found in the anterior inter ventricular sulcus?

A

anterior inter ventricular artery and great cardiac vein

40
Q

what blood vessels does the posterior interventricualr sulcus contain?

A

the posterior inter ventricular artery and middle cardiac vein

41
Q

what partition doe the coronary sulcus form?

A

separates the atria from the ventricles

42
Q

what structures doe the coronary sulcus contain?

A

the right coronary artery, left circumflex artery, small cardiac vein and the coronary sinus

second year (24 decks)

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