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Vascular Sonography > Vascular Anatomy and Upper Extremities > Flashcards

Vascular Anatomy and Upper Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

Do upper or lower extremity veins have thicker walls?

A

Lower

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2
Q

What is the vaso vasorum?

A

Small blood vessels within the walls of larger arteries and veins

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3
Q

What structure is the principle point of resistance to blood flow within the vascular system?

A

Arterioles

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4
Q

Name the largest arteries in the body

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Brachiocephalic Trunk
  3. L CCA
  4. L subclavian
  5. Internal iliacs
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5
Q

What is the thickest layer of a vein?

A

Tunica adventitia

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6
Q

What are the major veins in the body?

A
  1. SVC
  2. IVC
  3. Portal vein
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7
Q

What are the walls of capillaries known as?

A

Lined with endothelial cells known as ‘intima’

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8
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

A

Subclavian artery

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9
Q

The subclavian artery gives rise to which two vessels?

A
  1. Vertebral arteries
  2. Internal mammary arteries
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10
Q

What does the brachial artery branch into?

A

Ulnar and radial arteries

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11
Q

The superficial palmer arch is completed by a branch of what?

A

The radial artery

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12
Q

The deep palmer arch is completed by a branch of what?

A

The ulnar artery

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13
Q

Is the radial or ulnar artery larger?

A

Ulnar

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14
Q

What will show in the vertebral artery with subclavian steal?

A

Retrograde flow due to blood flowing from vertebral artery into subclavian

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15
Q

In what vessels may demonstrate subclavian steal?

A
  1. L subclavian
  2. R brachiocephalic
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16
Q

What are the three most superficial veins in the upper extremity?

A
  1. Cephalic
  2. Basilic
  3. Medial antebrachial veins
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17
Q

What helps to form the medial antebrachial veins?

A

Palmer digital veins

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18
Q

What does the medial antebrachial vein drain into?

A

Basilic vein

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19
Q

What are the deep veins?

A
  1. Subclavian
  2. Axillary
  3. Brachial veins
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20
Q

What is the lowest pressure chamber and was it the pressure range?

A

Right atria: 2-6 mmHg

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21
Q

Where is hydrostatic pressure the greatest in the body?

A

Lower portions due to the weight of the column of blood in the vessels

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22
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure within the vessels related to the reference point of the R atrium

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23
Q

Total energies in the vascular system is a combination of what types of energy?

A

Potential and kinetic

24
Q

Potential energy denotes what whereas kinetic energy denotes what?

A

Potential energy = pressure

Kinetic energy = velocity

25
Q

What is the most important influencer of the viscosity of blood?

A

Amount of hematocrit

26
Q

What do inertial losses of energy depend on?

A

Density and velocity of blood flow

27
Q

What is the velocity equation in terms of blood flow?

A

V = Q/A

Q = blood flow
A= cross sectional area of a vessel

28
Q

Where is the cross-sectional area the LARGEST in the arterial system of the body?

A

The capillaries because there are so many more capillaries in the body than any other artery and combined make up the largest area.

29
Q

How many times greater is the cross-sectional area of the capillaries in relation to Ao?

A

600x greater

30
Q

What law describes steady laminar flow?

A

Poiseuille Law

31
Q

What component has the greatest impact on flow and why? (hint: think poiseuille law)

A

radius because it is raised to the 4th power in the equation

32
Q

A decrease in radius of a vessel by half will increase the energy loss by how much?

A

A factor of 16 (hint: look at the formula)

33
Q

Hemodynamic resistance is described by what law?

A

Ohm’s Law

R = change in pressure/Q (flow)

34
Q

What is the equation of Ohm’s law?

A

R = change in pressure/blood flow

35
Q

Changes in resistance are virtually all because of variations in what?

A

Radius

36
Q

When there is an increase in number of vessels running parallel to one another, what happens to the resistance?

A

It decreases in resistance

37
Q

How to calculate total resistance in an entire system?

A

The sum of each individual resistance:

R (total) = R1 + R2 + R3 etc.

38
Q

How to calculate resistance of vessels running in PARALLEL?

A

1/R(total) = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 etc.

39
Q

Will low resistance flow profiles have retrograde or antegrade flow throughout the cardiac cycle?

A

ANTEGRADE

40
Q

Will high resistance flow profile usually have retrograde or antegrade flow throughout the cardiac cycle?

A

Both.

Antegrade during systole

Retrograde during early diastole. Flow reversal occurs in early diastole due to vasoconstriction of distal arterioles and therefore, decreasing the radius will increase resistance.

41
Q

What arteries display high resistance?

A
  1. External carotid
  2. Subclavian
  3. Distal Ao
  4. Iliac
  5. If fasting = SMA
  6. If resting = peripheral arteries
42
Q

Describe 2 ways to turn high resistance into low resistance?

A

After exercise when extremity arteries dilate due to increased demand of oxygen and nutrients, it becomes less resistant.

After eating when SMA dilates to meet increased metabolic demand

43
Q

What type of flow does Reynolds number describe?

A

Turbulent

44
Q

What is Reynolds number equation?

A

Re = (density x velocity x radius) / viscosity

45
Q

Turbulence usually occurs due to changes in what factors?

A

Velocity and radius

46
Q

What Re is considered laminar and turbulent?

A

<2000 = laminar

> 2000 = Turbulent

47
Q

What converts pulsatile output of the heart to a steady flow through capillaries?

A

Hydraulic filtering

48
Q

What characteristic of the arterial walls converts potential energy into blood flow during diastole?

A

Elastic recoil of arterial walls which causes antegrade flow in late diastole

49
Q

What is known as the “ability of a vessel to store energy” without a large change in pressure?

A

Capacitance (change in volume/change in pressure)

50
Q

What is the formula for capacitance?

A

Change in volume / change in pressure

51
Q

Why does capacitance decrease with age?

A

Because walls become more stiff and rigid

52
Q

When arterial walls are more stiff, what does this do to pressure during systole and diastole?

A

Systole = increased pressure
Diastole = decreased pressure

53
Q

What are the “resistance vessels” in the body?

A

Arterioles due to contraction and relaxation of their smooth muscle walls

54
Q

What will happen to arteriole walls when there is a decrease in oxygen?

A

Vasodilate to bring in more blood flow

55
Q

Where does atherosclerosis usually occur?

A
  1. Bifurcations
  2. Branch points
56
Q

What denotes a critical stenosis?

A

When the vessel wall is occluded by 75% or greater

Vascular Sonography (17 decks)

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