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Vascular Sonography > Arterial Physiology > Flashcards

Arterial Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is known as the flow through two points being directly proportional to the potential difference across two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them?

A

Ohm’s Law

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2
Q

What is known as the measure of a blood vessel’s ability to increase the volume of blood it holds without a large increase in blood pressure?

A

Capacitance

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3
Q

The total energy of a system is made up of?

A

Kinetic and potential energy

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4
Q

What is the potential energy in the bodies arterial system?

A

Intravascular pressure

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5
Q

What is the kinetic energy in the bodies arterial system?

A

Velocity of moving blood

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6
Q

What is the pressure of the right atria in the heart?

A

2-6 mmHg

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7
Q

What is the highest and lowest pressure chamber in the heart?

A

Highest = LV

Lowest =RA

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8
Q

Is gravitational potential energy increased or decreased BELOW the reference point (RA of the heart)?

A

Decreases below the reference point

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9
Q

What is known as the pressure within vessels related to the reference point? (RA)

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

Does hydrostatic pressure increase or decrease as you go lower in the body?

A

Increased due to the weight of the column of blood within the vessels

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11
Q

The farther you go from the reference point does what to the hydrostatic pressure?

A

Increases

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12
Q

What is the most important influence on blood viscosity?

A

Hematocrit

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13
Q

Inertial energy loss is dependent on what factors?

A
  1. Density of blood
  2. Velocity of flow
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14
Q

T or F? Energy losses because of viscosity effects are greater than those because of inertia?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Velocity and flow are related by what equation?

A

V = Q/A

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16
Q

As diameter decreases, what happens to velocity?

A

Increases

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17
Q

T or F?The cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than that of the Ao?

A

TRUE - 600x greater

18
Q

Equation for Ohm’s Law?

A

R = change in pressure / Q

19
Q

Equation for Resistance to flow?

A

R = (8 x viscosity x L) / (pi x r^4)

20
Q

Changes in vessel resistance are mostly all due to what factor?

A

Changing radius because it is calculate to the 4th power

21
Q

Resistance in series?

A

Sum of all resistances of each vessel

22
Q

Resistance in parallel?

A

Reciprocal of the total resistances of the system

23
Q

What happens to the resistance with more parallel elements in a network?

A

Resistance will decrease in the system

24
Q

What do low resistance arterial waveforms look like?

A

Antegrade forward flow (above the baseline)

25
Q

What do high resistance arterial waveforms look like?

A

Both antegrade forward flow (systole) and retrograde flow reversal (diastole)

26
Q

What is turbulent flow defined by?

A

Reynolds number (Re)

27
Q

Re is directly proportional to what factors?

A

Velocity
Density
Radius

28
Q

Re is indirectly proportional to what factor?

A

Viscosity

29
Q

Turbulence develops mainly due to what changing factors?

A

Velocity
Radius

30
Q

What Re number will create turbulence?

A

> 2000

31
Q

What is the term used for converting the pulsatile output of the heart to a steady flow through the capillaries via elastic conduits and high-resistance terminals?

A

Hydraulic filtering

32
Q

What refers to the ability of a vessel to store energy?

A

Capacitance

33
Q

What is the formula for capacitance?

A

change in V / change in P

34
Q

How do stiffer vessel walls affect pressure in systole and diastole?

A

Systole = greater pressure

Diastole = reduced pressure

35
Q

What happens to vessel capacitance as we age?

A

Decreases - becomes more stiff

36
Q

When oxygen levels fall in the arterioles, what happens to the vessel?

A

Vasodilation to bring more blood flow to the area, increasing oxygen

37
Q

Fibrous plaque

A
  1. smooth surface
  2. composed of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue
  3. lacks calcification
38
Q

Complicated plaque

A
  1. Irregular surface
  2. Loss of the normal endothelium
  3. Calcification is present
39
Q

Where does atherosclerosis typically develop?

A
  1. Branch points
  2. Near bifurcations
40
Q

Where is most inertial energy loss in presence of stenosis?

A

When blood EXITS a stenosis into turbulent flow

41
Q

At what point is a stenosis considered ‘critical’?

A

When the cross-sectional area of a vessel has diminished 75% or greater

42
Q

What can collateral arteries be separated into?

A
  1. Stem arteries
  2. Midzone collateral
  3. Re-entry arteries

Vascular Sonography (17 decks)

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