Vascular ageing and cardiovascular risk

Question 1

Structural and functional changes in vascular ageing

Answer 1

Increased arterial stiffness, reduced elastin, and endothelial dysfunction.
Implications: Elevated systolic blood pressure and reduced perfusion.

Question 2

what is endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness ?

Answer 2

Endothelial Dysfunction: Impaired nitric oxide (NO) production → vasoconstriction and inflammation.
Arterial Stiffness: Reduced arterial compliance → increased cardiac workload and risk of hypertension.

Question 3

What is cardiovascular risk?

Answer 3

Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness contribute to atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure.

Question 4

Describe the role of cholosterol in CHD

Answer 4

Elevated LDL cholesterol promotes atherosclerosis by forming plaques in arterial walls, leading to CHD.

Question 5

What are the drugs for high cholosterol?

Answer 5

Statins: Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis.
Ezetimibe: Blocks intestinal cholesterol absorption.
PCSK9 Inhibitors: Increase LDL receptor recycling to enhance cholesterol clearance.