Respiratory system

Question 1

Structure and function of respiratory system

Answer 1

Airways: Conduct air (nose, trachea, bronchi).
Lungs: Facilitate gas exchange in alveoli.
Respiratory Muscles: Drive ventilation (diaphragm, intercostals).

Question 2

What are the pulmonary function parameters ?

Answer 2

Tidal Volume (TV): Air per breath.
Vital Capacity (VC): Maximal exhaled volume.
Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining after maximal exhalation.

Question 3

describe pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange

Answer 3

Ventilation: Airflow into and out of lungs.
Gas Exchange:
Pulmonary: O₂ into blood, CO₂ out.
Systemic: O₂ to tissues, CO₂ from tissues.

Question 4

Describe the neural control of breathing

Answer 4

Medulla and pons regulate rhythm.
Chemoreceptors respond to CO₂, O₂, and pH changes.

Question 5

What is the pulmonary function assessment?

Answer 5

Spirometry: Measures lung volumes and flow rates.
Interpretation: Identifies obstructive (e.g., asthma) or restrictive (e.g., fibrosis) patterns.

Question 6

How many people ww are affected by asthma?

Answer 6

Affects ~300 million people worldwide, with rising prevalence.

Question 7

Describe the pathophysiology of asthma

Answer 7

Chronic inflammation → airway hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, and remodelling.

Question 8

What are the subtypes and severity of asthma?

Answer 8

Sub-Types: Allergic, non-allergic, occupational, exercise-induced.
Severity: Intermittent, mild, moderate, severe (based on symptoms and lung function).

Question 9

What is the diagnostic assessment of asthma?

Answer 9

Spirometry: Reduced FEV₁/FVC ratio.
Bronchodilator Test: Reversibility indicates asthma.
Peak Flow Monitoring: Detects variability.