Various conditions Flashcards
Define Asthma
A respiratory condizioni marked by asthma in the bronchi or the lungs brought on by an allergy, hypersensitivity, or other.
Define Croup
Croup is seen in infants and young children, secondary to viral infections resulting in inflammation of the upper airway structures. Gradual onset with prodromal symptoms
Define Epiglottitis
Epiglottitis is define as upper airway obstruction secondary to cellulitis of the epiglottis and surrounding structures.
Define COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, secondary to prolonged, repetitive lung damage to parenchyma and alveoli from smoking, frequent infections, and chemical exposures resulting in increased mucous production and increased deadspace/impaired ventilation and gas exchange.
Define a pulmonary embolism
A PE is a life threatening disease process, it occurs when the pulmonary artery is blocked by a thrombus, air embolism, or clot, blocking oxygen delivery and gas exchange at the alveolar membrane.
Define ACS
ACS, acute coronary syndromes is a spectrum of diseases secondary to impaired coronary artery perfusion.
Define acute aortic dissection
Aortic dissection occurs when the intima of the aorta begins to split from the medial layer resulting in blood to rush into the third space causing a false lumen resulting in arterial ballooning and weakening.
Define congestive heart failure
CHF consists of high and low output pump failure. Low output failure can also be classified as cariogenic shock.
CHF is most commonly caused by decreased ejection fraction due to several pathologies, and classic high after load. High BP. Goals of care include PEEP/CPAP/BIPAP and preload/afterload reduction (nitrates)
Define SHOCK
Shock is defined as organ hypoperfusion due to circulatory failure, poor oxygenation, oxygen utilization and consumption
Define distributive shock
Distributive shock is most often secondary to systemic inflammatory response resulting in vasodilation and high metabolic demand that is not being met.
Causes: Septic shock, anaphylaxis, neurogenic shock, toxidromes,
Define Cariogenic shock
Cariogenic shock can be defined as total pump failure, resulting from an MI, dysrhythmias, or valvular/septal rupture.
Define Hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemic shock refers to a state of hypoperfusion secondary to hemorragic, nonhemorrhagic fluid loss.
Define Obstructive shock
Obstructive shock results in decreased cardiac output and oxygen delivery secondary to tension pnx, tamponade, PE, pulmonary HTN, pericarditis, cardiomyopathies.
Define DKA
DKA occurs when ketone levels exceed that of cellular use resulting in acid build up, underlying metabolic acidosis.
Define Hyperkalemia
Hyper K occurs when serum potassium levels exceed 5.5mmol/L, resulting in toxin build up, organ damage, cardiovascular collapse.
Define Anaphylaxis
Ananphylaxis consists of a multi-system, IgE mediated response to an allergin resulting in mast and basophil cell degranulation
Define a seizure
A seizure is the result of an abnormal and sudden electrical activity in the brain resulting in a spectrum of seizure like activity.
Tx hinges on administration of midazlolam which is a Benzo that intensifies Gamma aminobutyric acid resulting in hyper polarization of neuronal cells, resulting in a longer threshold for the cell to depolarize.
Define a stroke
A stroke is a sudden cerebral vascular accident resulting in tissue death either from non traumatic ischemic blockage, or hemorrhage insult to the brain.
Define Hypothermia
Hypothermia is a life threatening environmental condition defined by a core body temp less than 35C
What occurs to the body in CO poisonings?
CO2 has a higher affinity for RBC and can impeded oxygen delivery and gas exchange and Left shift in the dissociation curve. COHB levels should be monitored.
Define cyanide exposure
Cyanide exposure is lethal and is tx with hydroxycobalamine, s/s consist of unconsciousness, seizures, and cardiovascular collapse, tachycardia, hypotension, and met acidosis.
Define H2S exposure.
Hydrogen sulphide is a colourless gas with a rotten egg odor. Usually found in fossil fuels, mines, caves, oil fields etc.
Inhalation of H2s results in rapid respiratory paralysis and loss of consciousness, and shortly after results in death secondary to asphyxia.
Describe organophosphates and carbamate exposure.
These compounds are primarily used as pesticides commonly found in dusts, granules, emulsions, suspension or solutions.
Poisoning results in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase causing stimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
Death is usually secondary to acute respiratory failure.
Define a beta blocker overdose
BB OD results in beta adrenergic receptor block resulting in decreased chrontropy, causing decreased cardiac output and acidosis build up. Lethal arrhythmias can be common, as well as hypotension and bradycardia refractory to epinephrine.
Glucagon is a common treatment as it stimulates cyclic AMP which increases inotropy and chronotropy affects providing higher cardiac output and vasoconstriction.
Define a Tryciclic antidepressant OD
TCA OD results in sodium channel blockade, resulting in life threatening arrhythmias. TCAs also result in A1blockade, Histamine and muscarinic blockade resulting in hypotension, significant airway secretions.
Define a dihydropyridine CCB overdose
Dihydropyradine CCB are potent vasodilators and work through L-type calcium channels on vasculature.
Dihydropiridine drugs are usually going to cause hypotension and tachycardia.
Describe a non-dihyropyridine CCB overdose
Non-dihydropyridine CCB work primarily on calcium channels of the myocardium causing prolonged action potential, bradycardia and poor contractility.
Describe Tylenol overdose
Tylenol inhibits prostiglandin synthesis resulting in decreased inflammation and pyrexia, it is metabolized in the liver and in high doses causes liver toxicity. Resulting in irreversible shock in late stages, no antidote is provided for EHS.
N-acetylcysteine is the antidote available in hospital.
Define Opioid related OD
Opioid tox consists of CNS and respiratory depression due to mu receptors being bound to the opiate.
Define sepsis
Sepsis consists of distributive shock state secondary to SIRS criteria, HR above 120, rr above 30, MAP less than 65, fever present with a known infection site.
Disproportionally affects the very young and very old.
Define Ecclampsia
New onset of seizure or coma in pregnant women with a Hx of pre-ecclampsia. Tx with magnesium
Define preeclampsia
Multisystem disorder in pregent women over 20 weeks gestation who present with hypertension with SBP greater than 140mmhg, or DBP greater than 90mmhg and proteinuria.
