Various conditions

Question 1

Define Asthma

Answer 1

A respiratory condizioni marked by asthma in the bronchi or the lungs brought on by an allergy, hypersensitivity, or other.

Question 2

Define Croup

Answer 2

Croup is seen in infants and young children, secondary to viral infections resulting in inflammation of the upper airway structures. Gradual onset with prodromal symptoms

Question 3

Define Epiglottitis

Answer 3

Epiglottitis is define as upper airway obstruction secondary to cellulitis of the epiglottis and surrounding structures.

Question 4

Define COPD

Answer 4

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, secondary to prolonged, repetitive lung damage to parenchyma and alveoli from smoking, frequent infections, and chemical exposures resulting in increased mucous production and increased deadspace/impaired ventilation and gas exchange.

Question 5

Define a pulmonary embolism

Answer 5

A PE is a life threatening disease process, it occurs when the pulmonary artery is blocked by a thrombus, air embolism, or clot, blocking oxygen delivery and gas exchange at the alveolar membrane.

Question 6

Define ACS

Answer 6

ACS, acute coronary syndromes is a spectrum of diseases secondary to impaired coronary artery perfusion.

Question 7

Define acute aortic dissection

Answer 7

Aortic dissection occurs when the intima of the aorta begins to split from the medial layer resulting in blood to rush into the third space causing a false lumen resulting in arterial ballooning and weakening.

Question 8

Define congestive heart failure

Answer 8

CHF consists of high and low output pump failure. Low output failure can also be classified as cariogenic shock.

CHF is most commonly caused by decreased ejection fraction due to several pathologies, and classic high after load. High BP. Goals of care include PEEP/CPAP/BIPAP and preload/afterload reduction (nitrates)

Question 9

Define SHOCK

Answer 9

Shock is defined as organ hypoperfusion due to circulatory failure, poor oxygenation, oxygen utilization and consumption

Question 10

Define distributive shock

Answer 10

Distributive shock is most often secondary to systemic inflammatory response resulting in vasodilation and high metabolic demand that is not being met.

Causes: Septic shock, anaphylaxis, neurogenic shock, toxidromes,

Question 11

Define Cariogenic shock

Answer 11

Cariogenic shock can be defined as total pump failure, resulting from an MI, dysrhythmias, or valvular/septal rupture.

Question 12

Define Hypovolemic shock

Answer 12

Hypovolemic shock refers to a state of hypoperfusion secondary to hemorragic, nonhemorrhagic fluid loss.

Question 13

Define Obstructive shock

Answer 13

Obstructive shock results in decreased cardiac output and oxygen delivery secondary to tension pnx, tamponade, PE, pulmonary HTN, pericarditis, cardiomyopathies.

Question 14

Define DKA

Answer 14

DKA occurs when ketone levels exceed that of cellular use resulting in acid build up, underlying metabolic acidosis.

Question 15

Define Hyperkalemia

Answer 15

Hyper K occurs when serum potassium levels exceed 5.5mmol/L, resulting in toxin build up, organ damage, cardiovascular collapse.

Question 16

Define Anaphylaxis

Answer 16

Ananphylaxis consists of a multi-system, IgE mediated response to an allergin resulting in mast and basophil cell degranulation

Question 17

Define a seizure

Answer 17

A seizure is the result of an abnormal and sudden electrical activity in the brain resulting in a spectrum of seizure like activity.

Tx hinges on administration of midazlolam which is a Benzo that intensifies Gamma aminobutyric acid resulting in hyper polarization of neuronal cells, resulting in a longer threshold for the cell to depolarize.

Question 18

Define a stroke

Answer 18

A stroke is a sudden cerebral vascular accident resulting in tissue death either from non traumatic ischemic blockage, or hemorrhage insult to the brain.

Question 19

Define Hypothermia

Answer 19

Hypothermia is a life threatening environmental condition defined by a core body temp less than 35C

Question 20

What occurs to the body in CO poisonings?

Answer 20

CO2 has a higher affinity for RBC and can impeded oxygen delivery and gas exchange and Left shift in the dissociation curve. COHB levels should be monitored.

Question 21

Define cyanide exposure

Answer 21

Cyanide exposure is lethal and is tx with hydroxycobalamine, s/s consist of unconsciousness, seizures, and cardiovascular collapse, tachycardia, hypotension, and met acidosis.

Question 22

Define H2S exposure.

Answer 22

Hydrogen sulphide is a colourless gas with a rotten egg odor. Usually found in fossil fuels, mines, caves, oil fields etc.

Inhalation of H2s results in rapid respiratory paralysis and loss of consciousness, and shortly after results in death secondary to asphyxia.

Question 23

Describe organophosphates and carbamate exposure.

Answer 23

These compounds are primarily used as pesticides commonly found in dusts, granules, emulsions, suspension or solutions.

Poisoning results in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase causing stimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

Death is usually secondary to acute respiratory failure.

Question 24

Define a beta blocker overdose

Answer 24

BB OD results in beta adrenergic receptor block resulting in decreased chrontropy, causing decreased cardiac output and acidosis build up. Lethal arrhythmias can be common, as well as hypotension and bradycardia refractory to epinephrine.

Glucagon is a common treatment as it stimulates cyclic AMP which increases inotropy and chronotropy affects providing higher cardiac output and vasoconstriction.

Question 25

Define a Tryciclic antidepressant OD

Answer 25

TCA OD results in sodium channel blockade, resulting in life threatening arrhythmias. TCAs also result in A1blockade, Histamine and muscarinic blockade resulting in hypotension, significant airway secretions.

Question 26

Define a dihydropyridine CCB overdose

Answer 26

Dihydropyradine CCB are potent vasodilators and work through L-type calcium channels on vasculature.

Dihydropiridine drugs are usually going to cause hypotension and tachycardia.

Question 27

Describe a non-dihyropyridine CCB overdose

Answer 27

Non-dihydropyridine CCB work primarily on calcium channels of the myocardium causing prolonged action potential, bradycardia and poor contractility.

Question 28

Describe Tylenol overdose

Answer 28

Tylenol inhibits prostiglandin synthesis resulting in decreased inflammation and pyrexia, it is metabolized in the liver and in high doses causes liver toxicity. Resulting in irreversible shock in late stages, no antidote is provided for EHS.

N-acetylcysteine is the antidote available in hospital.

Question 29

Define Opioid related OD

Answer 29

Opioid tox consists of CNS and respiratory depression due to mu receptors being bound to the opiate.

Question 30

Define sepsis

Answer 30

Sepsis consists of distributive shock state secondary to SIRS criteria, HR above 120, rr above 30, MAP less than 65, fever present with a known infection site.

Disproportionally affects the very young and very old.

Question 31

Define Ecclampsia

Answer 31

New onset of seizure or coma in pregnant women with a Hx of pre-ecclampsia. Tx with magnesium

Question 32

Define preeclampsia

Answer 32

Multisystem disorder in pregent women over 20 weeks gestation who present with hypertension with SBP greater than 140mmhg, or DBP greater than 90mmhg and proteinuria.