Varicella Zoster Flashcards
Define varicella zoster.
Varicella (chickenpox), one of the childhood exanthemas, is caused by the human alpha herpes virus, varicella zoster. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an exclusively human virus. The incubation period is about 14 days (range 9 to 21 days).
Explain the aetiology/risk factors of varicella zoster.
Age 1 to 9 years
Exposure to varicella
Unimmunised status
Occupational exposure
Summarise the epidemiology of varicella zoster.
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is found worldwide and is very contagious. Over 90% of unimmunised people become infected, but infection occurs at different ages in different parts of the world.
Recognise the presenting symptoms of varicella zoster.
Pruritus
Headache
Fatigue/malaise
Sore throat
Recognise the signs of varicella zoster on physical examination.
Fever
Vesicular rash
Vesicles on mucous membranes
Tachycardia
Identify appropriate investigations for varicella zoster and interpret the results.
Clinical findings are usually sufficient to make a diagnosis.
Generate a management plan for varicella zoster.
Supportive care is generally enough but in some cases, oral antivirals may be given. Antihistamine may be given topically or orally to help with the itching.
Identify the possible complications of varicella zoster and its management.
A secondary bacterial infection may capitalise on the viral infection. The viral infection may also spread elsewhere and cause more serious complications such as encephalitis or meningitis.
All complications are rare.
Summarise the prognosis for patients with varicella zoster.
Typically, varicella is a self-limiting disease. After initial infection and clinical syndrome, no follow-up is necessary. In up to one third of infected people, varicella-zoster virus reactivates later in life as shingles or herpes zoster.
