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Biology > Variation, Reproduction And New Technology > Flashcards

Variation, Reproduction And New Technology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is the name given to thread like structures contained in the nucleus of a cell?

A

Chromosomes

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1
Q

Fill the gap:

Organisms have ___________ characteristics to their parents.

A

Similar

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2
Q

What do the chromosomes threads carry?

A

Genes

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3
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Thread- like structures carrying the genetic information found in the nucleus of a cell.

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4
Q

What are genes?

A

A short section of DNA carrying genetic information.

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5
Q

How are genes passed?

A

Genes are passed on sex cells from parents to offspring.

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6
Q

What do genes control?

A

Genes control the characteristics of your body.

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7
Q

Study tip- remember it is the individual genes that control the characteristics of the offspring. Chromosomes are simply made up of genes.

A

-

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8
Q

Where is there only a single set of chromosomes?

A

In the nuclei of sex cells (gametes)

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9
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Sex cell which has half the chromosome number of an ordinary cell.

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10
Q

Where are the genes found?

A

In the chromosomes

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11
Q

During reproduction what is passed on to the offspring?

A

The genetic information from the parents is passed on to the offspring during reproduction.

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12
Q

So therefore the offspring contain what, inherited from the parents?

A

Two sets of genes

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13
Q

Fill in the gaps:

Different genes control the development of ___________ _______________ of the offspring.

A

Different characteristics

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14
Q

In most body cells what are in pairs?

A

The chromosomes are in pairs.

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15
Q

Where do the sets come from?

A

One set came from the female gamete (from the mother) and one set from the male gamete (from the father).

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16
Q

What do genes control?

A

Genes control the development of characteristics such as eye colour or thumb shape.

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17
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that involves only one individual with no fusing of gametes to produce the offspring. The offspring are identical to parent.

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18
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction which involves the fusing of male and female gametes producing genetic variety in the offspring.

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19
Q

What are clones?

A

Identical copies produced by asexual reproduction.

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20
Q

Why can’t offspring produced by sexual reproduction be identical to their parents but similar?

A

Because they have a combination of two set of genes.

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21
Q

Explain which type of reproduction produces genetically identical offspring?

A

Asexual reproduction

22
Q

Explain which type of reproduction leads to variation in the offspring?

A

Sexual reproduction

23
Q

Why is sexual reproduction offspring better?

A

They is a variety

24
Q

Differences in the characteristics of individuals of the same kind may be due to:?

A
  • Differences in the genes they have inherited
  • The conditions in which they have developed
  • A combination of both these genetic and environmental causes
25
Q

What are the most important factor in controlling the appearance of an individual?

A

Genes

26
Q

How might clones have differences?

A

Environmental causes

27
Q

What are the two factors which control some of our characteristics?

A

The inherited genes and environmental causes.

28
Q

What are clones?

A

Individuals which are genetically identical to their parents

29
Q

Is it harder to clone animals or plants?

A

Animals

30
Q

How is cloning helpful in farming and agriculture?

A

Cloning is used to produce new individuals that are useful in farming and agriculture.

31
Q

What is the newer and more expensive method of cloning?and why is it effective ?

A

Tissue culture is when you take take small groups of cells from part of a plant and growing them under special conditions. For large numbers and top quality plants it’s used.

32
Q

Name a quick easy way of cloning plants.

A

Taking cuttings from a mature plant

33
Q

How can animals be cloned?

A

By transplanting cloned embryos.
An embryo with unspecialised cells in split into smaller groups of cell and each group of genetically identical cells is transplanted and allowed to develop in a host animal.

34
Q

Why is it more difficult to successfully clone animals than plants?

A

Animal embryos must split into groups of cells and then each group is transplanted into a host ‘mother’. There have to be enough hosts and some embryos may die during development. It also takes longer for the animals to develop.

35
Q

Give artificial forms of asexual reproduction

A

Taking cuttings, tissue cultures and embryo transplantation

36
Q

What happens in adult cell cloning?

A

the nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell and discarded
the nucleus is removed from an adult body cell and injected into the egg cell
an electric shock is applied to make the egg cell begin to divide to form an embryo
while it is still a ball of cells, the embryo is inserted into the womb of an adult female
the embryo continues to grow and develop
The new individual is genetically identical to the animal that donated the nucleus from one of its body cells.

37
Q

Benefits of cloning are

A

Development of cloned animals which have been genetically engineered to produce valuable protein in their milk. These have uses in medicines.

Cloning can save animals from extinction

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of cloning

A

Concerns about the ethics of cloning

Cloning limits the variation in a population

Concerns about using the technique to clone humans in the future.

39
Q

Name the two cells needed in adult cell cloning

A

Skin cells and egg cell from adult

40
Q

What does genetic engineering involve?

A

It involves changing the genetic make-up of an organism.

41
Q

How is genetic engineering done?

A

A gene is cut out of an organism using an enzyme. The gene is then placed in the chromosome of another organism. The genes may be placed in an organism of the same species to give it a desired characteristic.

42
Q

Give an example of genetic engineering

A

The gene to produce insulin in humans can be placed in bacteria. Then the bacteria can produce large quantities of insulin to treat diabetes.

43
Q

What is used to cut gene out of chromosomes?

A

Enzymes

44
Q

What are crops with changed genes called?

A

Genetically modified crop plants

45
Q

What are the advantages of genetic engineering?

A

Cloning cattle can produce herds with useful characteristics

Makes the best copies of animals

If the person has a faulty gene then they can get it transferred to be cured.

Several drugs have been produced such as insulin to treat diabetes.

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of genetic engineering?

A

People worry about eating GM crops due to health effects

Many people argue about whether or not genetic engineering are ethical. What will be the long term effects.

47
Q

Why do farmers grow GM crops?

A

They will get a higher yield and therefore more money

48
Q

How is genetic information passed from parents to offspring?

A

The nucleus of gamete cells contains the genetic material which is passed from parent to offspring.

49
Q

Suggest which humans could be described as natural clones

A

Identical twins

50
Q

How are calf embryos cloned?

A

After sexual reproduction, a single embryo is produced. Before the cells specialise the embryo is split into several groups of cells. Each group is transplanted into a different host mother. The calves are all genetically identical.

51
Q

Outline the process of genetic engineering

A

A gene is cut from a chromosome of one organism using enzymes. The gene is then transferred to the chromosome of another organism. The gene then controls the development of a characteristic in the second organism.

52
Q

How are crops genetically modified?

A

A gene is transferred from another organism into the chromosome of the crop plant.

Biology (15 decks)

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