variables

Question 1

extraneous variables

Answer 1

• do not vary systematically with the IV and therefore do not act as an IV but may have an effect on the dependent variable
• make it difficult to detect a significant effect

example : some students may have better memory than other students

Question 2

Internal validity

Answer 2

• the degree to which an observed effect was due to the experimental manipulation rather than other factors

Question 3

external validity

Answer 3

• the degree to which a research finding can be generalised to other settings

Question 4

confounding variable

Answer 4

• variables that compete with the exposure of interest in explaining the outcome of a study