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Cardiovascular > Valvular Heart Disease > Flashcards

Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common symptoms?

A
  • chest pain
  • breathlessness
  • collapse / dizzy spells
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2
Q

What are the four classes of the new York heart association functional classification?

A 
class I - no limitation
class II - slight limitation of ordinary activity 
class III - marked limitation of less than ordinary activity 
class IV - severe limitation of minimal activity or at rest
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3
Q

what are the signs of right heart failure?

A
  • raised JVP
  • pitting oedema
  • hepatic congestion
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4
Q

How do you know if a murmur is systolic or diastolic?

A
  • 1st heart sound - mitral and tricuspid valve closing, start of systole
  • 2nd heart sound - aortic and pulmonary valves closing, start of diastole.
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5
Q

what are the types of systolic murmur?

A
  • pansystolic

- ejection systolic

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6
Q

what are the types of diastolic murmur?

A
  • early diastolic

- mid diastolic

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7
Q

where does aortic stenosis normally radiate to?

A

carotids

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8
Q

where does mitral regurgitation normally radiate to?

A

axilla

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9
Q

what are the grades of murmurs?

A 
I. 	Very quiet 
II.	Quiet - easy to hear
III. 	Loud
IV. 	Loud with a thrill
V. 	Very loud with a thrill
VI. 	Loud  - audible without a 				stethoscope
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10
Q

when are right-sided murmurs normally louder?

A

with inspiration

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11
Q

what is valve stenosis?

A

when valves do not open properly

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12
Q

what is valve regurgitation?

A

valves do not close properly

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13
Q

what is mixed valve disease?

A

valves neither open or close properly.

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14
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis?

A
  • breathlessness
  • chest pain
  • dizziness / syncope
  • low volume pulse
  • forceful displaced apex
  • ejection systolic murmur that can radiate to the carotid
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15
Q

what are the treatment options for aortic stenosis?

A
  • conventional valve replacement
  • trans catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI)
  • balloon aortic valvotomy (BAV)
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16
Q

what are the differences between mechanical and bio-prosthetic heart valves?

A
  • younger patient more likely to be given mechanical.
  • bio-prosthetic require no warfarin.
  • bio-prosthetic only last for about 10 years.
17
Q

What are the causes for mitral regurgitation?

A

Leaflets: Prolapse ,Rheumatic, Myxomatous (floppy), Endocarditis
Chordae rupture (degenerative) : Prolapse/flail leaflet
Papillary muscles rupture:
Ischaemic
Annular dilatation:
Functional

18
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of mitral regurgitation?

A
  • breathlessness
  • peripheral oedema
  • fatigue
  • displaced apex
  • pansystolic murmur (axilla)
19
Q

what are the treatment options for mitral regurgitation?

A
  • medication: diuretics and heart failure (ACE inhibitor)
  • surgical: repair (prolapse), replacement (degenerative)
  • percutaneous (clips in infancy - encouraging results)
20
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis?

A
  • breathlessness
  • fatigue
  • palpitations (AF)
  • malar flush
  • tapping apex beat
  • mid diastolic rumbling diastolic murmur localised to apex
21
Q

what are the treatment options for mitral stenosis?

A
  • medication: diuretics and treat AF
  • surgery: valve replacement
  • balloon valvuloplasty
22
Q

what are the causes of aortic regurgitation?

A

Leaflets:

  • Endocarditis
  • Connective tissue diseases
  • Rheumatic

Annulus:

  • Marfans
  • Aortic dissection
23
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of aortic regurgitation?

A
  • breathlessness
  • collapsing pulse
  • wide pulse pressure
  • displaced apex
  • early diastolic murmur left sternal edge
24
Q

what are the treatment options for aortic regurgitation?

A

medication - ACE inhibitor

surgery - symptoms and LV dilatation, valve replacement

25
Q

Causes of aortic stenosis?

A

R - rheumatic fever
E - Elderly (calcification of mitral (bicuspid) valve)
C- congestive heart disease

Cardiovascular (16 decks)

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