Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards
You are taking a history of a patient with COPD, where they mention they’ve had heart problems when they were a child. You ask what it is and she tells you that shes not sure but she had to stay at home for 6 months when she was 2 years old. What did she have?
On examination, what murmur would you hear? Describe it
Scarlet fever/ Rheumatic fever
Mitral stenosis (Diastolic murmur, loudest at the apex and when in the left lateral position. Loud 1st HS with opening snap)
What is the prevalence of AR?
<1% but 3rd most common
What are the main symptoms of AS?
- Dyspnoea
- Angina
- Syncope
What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?
Prior rheumatic infection (rare in the developed world)
What is the most common murmur in the general population?
Aortic stenosis
What are 2 causes of mitral valve prolapse?
CTD (marfan’s, ehlers danlos)
Ischemia secondary to papillary muscle rupture.
List 5 causes of mitral regurgitation
Primary: Organic causes:
Abnormalities (mitral valve prolapse in Marfan’s and Ehler Danlos, end even pregnancy)
Perforation (Infective endocarditis)
Papillary muscle rupture (post-MI)
Secondary: Functional/ischaemic (LV dilatation from prior MI, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy)
What are the 2 most common presentations of AR?
aortic dissection
IE
(also 2 most common causes)
A rumbling diastolic murmur with an opening snap (1st HS) and louder in the left lateral position
Mitral stenosis
What murmur is associated with pulmonary oedema?
Mitral regurgitation
A blowing diastolic murmur, louder when leaning forward is associated with what murmur?
Aortic regurgitation
What murmur is loudest on expiration?
Mitral regurgitation
Technically left sided murmurs
Describe a perfect auscultation of mitral regurgitation
Pansystolic murmur, loudest at the apex and on expiration, radiating to the axilla Grade 3/6
A laterally displaced apex beat is most associated with what 2 murmurs?
Mitral and aortic regurgitation
What murmur is associated with a crescendo decrescendo pattern and a heaving apex beat?
Aortic stenosis
Describe a perfect auscultation of aortic stenosis
Ejection systolic murmur, loudest at the 2nd ICS right sternal border, radiating to the carotids -Crescendo-decrescendo pattern. Grade 3/6
What murmurs are typically louder on inspiration?
RIght sided murmurs => tricuspid and pulmonary valves
Tricuspid regurgitation and stenosis
What murmurs are loudest on expiration?
LEft sided murmers are louder on expiration => mitral and aortic valves
A soft holosystolic murmur, increasing with inspiration is what murmur?
Tricuspid regurgitation
A slow intensity diastolic murmur increasing with inspiration is associated with what murmur?
Tricuspid Stenosis
What murmur is most likely to be found on a patient with a pulsatile, enlarged liver and positive hepatojugular reflux?
Tricuspid regurgitation
What is the typical presentation of a patient with valvular disease
(for 5/5, must say which valves are most likely for each symptom)
Any valve can present with all of these but to be specific
Mitral: Palpitations
Aortic: Chest pain/discomfort, syncope/presyncope
Both : SOB/Dyspnoea
What is De Musset’s sign?
Head bobbing on inspiration in Aortic Regurg.