SVT - Supraventricular Tachycardia Flashcards
What is the normal electrical activity of the heart?
1) Starts in SA node and travels through the R and L atrium causing atrial contraction
2) The impulse then travels through the AV node, which delays the impulse to allow for ventricular filling before relaying to the Bundle of His -> Purkinje fibres first towards the apex and then back towards the annulus fibrosus (outside)
This occurs in one direction (foreshadowing to SVT)
Where does the SA node lie?
Right atrium
Define SVT
What is the pathophysiology of SVT
Tachycardia (broad or narrow complex) originating from above the His-Purkinje system
In SVT, The electrical pathway does not occur in one direction and hence the electrical signal, originating from above the His-Purkinje system, re-enters the atria creating a self-prepetuating electrical loop.
List the 5 types of SVT
Main:
1) AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia
2) AV re-entrant tachycardia
3) Atrial tachycardia
Other:
4) MAT - Multifocal atrial tachycardia
5) SANRT - SA nodal re-entrant tachycardia
Note: The others have different pathophysiology but same tx
SVT may be persistent or paroxysmal (intermittent). How does a broad complex SVT occur?
If there is SVT + Bundle branch block -> Broad complex tachycardia
If just SVT, it is narrow complex
List the 3 main types of SVT along with a brief definition/description of what each is.
1) AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia
Re-entry within or near the AV node
2) AV re-entrant tachycardia
Accessory pathway causing re-entry
3) Atrial tachycardia
Electrical signal is generated by an ectopic source within the atria
The AV node has 2 pathways. What are these pathways?
Then explain them in the context of AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia
Fast pathway: Fast conduction, long refractory period
Slow pathway: Slow conduction but shorter refractory period
So what happens here is that the fast pathway is still refractory. When an early electrical impulse from the atria meets the refractory fast pathway, it is not ready to conduct it => the impulse travels down the slow pathway instead.
By the time this impulse reaches the common pathway (between the slow and fast), the impulse travels backwards (retrograde) back up the fast pathway => creating a loop of sustained tachycardia
What is meant by the term sinus tachycardia
Means everything is normal including the presence of all components except the fact that the rate is >100bpm
How would an ECG of typical SVT look like?
Regular Tachycardia + Absent P waves (embedded or inverted in inferior leads), Narrow QRS <80
what is the normal PR, QRS, and QT intervals
PR - 120-200ms/0.12-0.2s
QRS - 80-100/120ms
QT - 350-450ms
Which pathway is associated with WPW?
Explain WPW showing me:
Honours - Name of 2 types of arrhythmias?
Name of pathway?
How does WPW appear on ECG?
AV re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT)
Wolf-parkinson-white syndrome is characterized by a orthodromic (narrow complex) or antidromic (broad complex) pathway that travels via an accessory pathway called the Bundle of Kent
ECG:
Short PR interval <120ms
Slurred upstroke delta waves
Widened QRS complex >100ms
What is significant about the epidemiology of SVT?
F>M
It is a common tachycardia in young females
You are taking a cardiac history and want to cover symptoms related to an arrhythmia. What are the symptoms of SVT (which are common with every arrythmia) should you ask about within the history.
Palpitations
Syncope/pre-syncope
SOB/Dyspnoea
Chest pain
Fatigue
! feeling of rapid neck pulsation !
How does an arrhythmia cause SOB/dyspnoea and chest pain?
Reduced cardiac output + coronary artery hypo-perfusion
Explanation:
Diastolic flow is required for coronary perfusion
In Tachyarrhythmias, there is not enough time for diastolic flow to sufficiently perfuse the coronary arteries
In Bradyarrhythmias Cardiac output is not sufficient to allow for sufficient perfusion
What is Long QT syndrome
What can it lead to?
It is a genetic (literally LQT1,2,3) or acquired syndrome characterized by a long QT on ECG which can cuase life-threatening arrhythmias such as Torsades De Points