Valvular heart disease

Question 1

What is the normal aortic valve area?

Answer 1

3-4 cm2

Question 2

What are the triad of symptoms for aortic stenosis?

Answer 2

Syncope on exertion
Angina
Dyspnoea

Question 3

What are some causes of aortic stenosis?

Answer 3

Congenital aortic stenosis
Congenital bicuspid valve
Rheumatic heart disease
Infectious vegetations

Question 4

What would you hear in heart sounds of aortic stenosis patient?

Answer 4

Soft of absent second heart sound

Ejection systolic murmur - crescendo-decrescendo character (due to pressure difference)

Also has slow rising carotid pulse and decreased pulse amplitude (decreased volume)

Question 5

What is the most helpful investigation in aortic stenosis and what is used to evaluate?

Answer 5

Echocardiogram: Is the left ventricle functioning well, what is the gradient of pressure across the valve

Question 6

What is the backflow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium during systole called?

Answer 6

Mitral regurgitation

Question 7

What is the definition for aortic regurgitation?

Answer 7

Leakage of blood into left ventricle during diastole due to ineffective coaptation of the aortic cusps

Question 8

What is the obstruction of left ventricle inflow that prevents proper filling during diastole?

Answer 8

Mitral stenosis

Question 9

What is the main cause of mitral stenosis?

Answer 9

Rheumatic carditis