Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clin med cardiology > Valvular heart disease > Flashcards

Valvular heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common causes for valvular heart disease

A

Mitral regurge
Aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cause for valvular disease in developing countries

A

Rheumatic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are congenital murmurs typically found

A

Aortic or pulmonic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some acquired murmurs

A

rheumatic fever
syphillis
endocarditis
cardiomyopathy
aortic aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are complications that occur with valvular diseases

A

heart failure
stroke
clots
arrhythmias
death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is occurring in the valve when regurgitation is occurring

A

leaflets don’t close properly and the blood back flows
**Generally from prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is occurring in the valve with stenosis s

A

Leaflets become thick /stiff from calcium deposit and may even fuse together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is valvular atresia

A

valve isn’t formed
-solid tissue prevents blood flow between chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When are right sided murmurs louder

A

During inspiration
**(Rinspiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When are left sided murmurs louder

A

expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What murmurs get louder when after load is increased

A

aortic regurge
mitral regurge
VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What murmurs get quieter when after load is decreased

A

HOCM
Mitral prolapse
aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which murmurs get louder when preload is increased

A

aortic stenosis
mitral stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What murmurs get quieter with increasing preload

A

HOCM
Mitral prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which murmurs get loud with decreasing preload

A

HOCM
Mitral prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which positions will accentuate mitral murmurs

A

Mitral stenosis
**Causes S3 & S4 to accentuate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What murmur will get louder when the patient is sitting up and leaning forward

A

aortic regurge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are common presenting valvular disease symptoms

A

chest pain
abdominal swelling
SOB
dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common type of heart murmur

A

Innocent murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes innocent murmurs

A

rapid ejection of blood across the valve (Common in hyperkinetic state)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are examples of hyperkinetic states

A

pregnancy
fever
anemia
rapid growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which characteristics make a murmur pathologic

A

Diastolic murmur
Holo- or late systolic
continuous
Grade >3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which murmurs do you hear mid systolic

A

innocent / functional
aortic stenosis
HOCM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which murmurs do you hear late systolic

A

Mitral prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which murmurs are holosystolic

A

MR
TR
VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is one of the most common and most serious valve diseases

A

Aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some of the aortic stenosis symptoms

A

breathlessness
chest pain /pressure /tightness
fainting
palpitations
decline in activities / ADL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of murmur does aortic stenosis have

A

systolic
crescendo - decrescendo
narrow pulse pressure on BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the treatment of aortic stenosis

A

valve replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When is treatment of aortic stenosis indicated

A

once symptoms begin OR when LV dysfunction occurs

31
Q

What is aortic regurge

A

leakage of the aortic valve each time to LV relaxes

32
Q

What causes aortic regurge

A

valvular calcifications
endocarditis
aorta-dilation

33
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic aortic regurge in children

A

ventricular septal defect

34
Q

When will you hear aortic regurge best

A

while patient is supine

35
Q

What type of murmur is aortic regurge

A

diastolic
**decrescendo murmur

36
Q

What is corrigans pulse

A

wide pulse pressure

37
Q

When is corrigans pulse seen

A

severe aortic regurge

38
Q

When do you hear an Austin-flint murmurs

A

severe aortic regurge
**Heard at the apex of the heart

39
Q

What is occurring in mitral regurge

A

volume overload which causes LV remodeling

40
Q

What are some mitral regurge symptoms

A

LE edema
SOB
**Especially on exertion when laying down

41
Q

What type of murmur is mitral regurge

A

holosystolic

42
Q

Where will a mitral regurge murmur radiate

A

axilla or left sternal border

43
Q

What effects does mitral regurge have on the body

A

slow progressive symptoms of heart failure and, if afib develops - palpitations

44
Q

What is the treatment for mitral regurge

A

symptomatic patients and patients meeting echo criteria get a valve replacement / repair

45
Q

What are some causes of mitral regurge

A

endocarditis
MI
HOCM
trauma
age

46
Q

What is the most common cause of isolated MR

A

Mitral prolapse

47
Q

What is heard with mitral valve prolapse

A

mid to late sharp systolic click (S1 / S2 normal)

48
Q

How is mitral prolapse treated

A

does not usually require treatment
**Beta blockers can help with sx

49
Q

What patient populations experience mitral stenosis

A

age 15-40 in developing nations

50
Q

How will mitral stenosis present

A

hemoptysis
LE edema
palpitations
chest discomfort

51
Q

What is the pathophys of mitral stenosis

A

pressure build up in the LA and sent back to lungs = congestion and SOB

52
Q

What generally causes mitral stenosis

A

rheumatic fever
annular calcification

53
Q

What will mitral stenosis sound like

A

Loud S1 with snappy-hallmark

54
Q

Where is mitral stenosis heard best

A

At the apex of lungs with patient in left lateral decub

55
Q

When are prophylactic abx agains endocarditis indicated with mitral stenosis

A

patients who have had a valve replacement

56
Q

When are symptoms first noticed with pulmonary stenosis

A

while exercising

57
Q

What is the general cause of pulmonary stenosis

A

congenital heart defect

58
Q

When is pulmonary stenosis usually diagnosed

A

childhood

59
Q

What are the complications associated with pulmonary stenosis

A

RVH
Right HF
Arrhythmia
Increased risk of infective carditis

60
Q

What is the treatment for pulmonary stenosis

A

valvuloplasty

61
Q

what does pulmonary stenosis sound like

A

increased S2 splitting
crescendo-decrescendo systolic

62
Q

What is the most common cause of pulmonary insufficiency

A

pulmonary hypertension or tetralogy of fallot

63
Q

How will pulmonary insufficiency found

A

high pitched
early decrescendo murmur
ends before S1

64
Q

How do you treat pulmonary insufficiency

A

directed at cause
-valve replacement is not usually needed

65
Q

What is the cause of tricuspid stenosis

A

rheumatic fever

66
Q

What else is seen when a patient has tricuspid stenosis

A

tricuspid regurge
mitral stenosis

67
Q

How will a tricuspid stenosis sound

A

Mid-diastolic rumble with pre systolic accentuation

68
Q

Why are liver enzymes elevated with tricuspid stenosis

A

passive hepatic congestion

69
Q

What is the treatment for tricuspid stenosis

A

diuretics
aldosterone antagonists

70
Q

What generally causes tricuspid insufficiency

A

secondary to leaflet tethering from annular dilation and/or papillary muscle displacement

71
Q

What is the best imaging for evaluating RV size and function

A

cardiac MRI

72
Q

What will tricuspid insufficiency sound like

A

holosystolic with patient sitting upright

73
Q

What are the best initial treatments for valvular disease

A

no smoking
more active
healthy weight
balanced diet
less alcohol
manage stress

74
Q

What medications are beneficial in valvular disease

A

diuretics
blood thinners
anti-arrhythmics
abx (chronic / prophylaxis)

Clin med cardiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions