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#Phase 2.1: CardioResp > Valvular Heart Disease > Flashcards

Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is Valvular heart disease?

A

When a heart valve becomes narrowed / insufficient

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2
Q

What are the types of Valvular heart disease? (8 things)

A

Aortic / pulmonary / tricuspid / mitral Stenosis
Aortic / pulmonary / tricuspid / mitral Regurgitation

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3
Q

What 2 things can Valvular Heart Disease cause the myocardium to do?

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Dilatation
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4
Q

What does Stenosis cause the myocardium to do and why?

A

Hypertrophy

Muscle has to try harder to contract through narrowed hole

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5
Q

What does Regurgitation cause the myocardium to do and why?

A

Dilatation

Leaky valve allows blood to flow backwards stretching the muscle

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6
Q

What does Mitral Stenosis cause?

A

Left Atrial Hypertrophy

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7
Q

What does Aortic Stenosis cause?

A

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

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8
Q

What does Mitral Regurgitation cause?

A

Left Atrial Dilatation

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9
Q

What does Aortic Regurgitation cause?

A

Left Ventricular Dilatation

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10
Q

What causes Mitral Stenosis? (2 things)

A
  1. Rheumatic Heart Disease
  2. Infective Endocarditis
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the Murmur you will hear in Mitral Stenosis? Why? (2 things)

A
  1. Mid-diastolic (between S2 and S1 of nxt beat nxt beat)
  2. Low-pitched

Bc low velocity blood flow

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12
Q

What heart sound will be different in Mitral Stenosis? Why?

A

Loud S1

Bc thick valves shutting suddenly (after needing big systolic force to shut)

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13
Q

What can you palpate due to the loud S1 in Mitral Stenosis?

A

Tapping Apex beat

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14
Q

What will you hear in Mitral Stenosis overall? (2 things)

A
  1. Mid-diastolic, low-pitched murmur
  2. Loud S1
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15
Q

What is Mitral Stenosis associated with? (2 things)

A
  1. AF
  2. Malar flush (cheek rashes)
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16
Q

Why is Mitral Stenosis associated with AF?

A

Bc L atrium struggling to push blood thru narrowed valve –> strain –> electrical disruption –> fibrillation

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17
Q

Why is Mitral Stenosis associated with Malar Flush (cheek rashes)?

A

Bc back pressure of blood into pulm system –> rise in CO2 + vasodilation

18
Q

What are the causes of Mitral Regurgitation?

A
  1. Rheumatic HD
  2. Infective Endocarditits
  3. Ischaemic HD
  4. Idiopathic weakening of valve w age
  5. CT disorders (e.g Ehlers Danlos / Marfan Syndromes)
19
Q

What are the characteristics of the Murmur you will hear in Mitral Regurgitation? Why? (2 things)

A
  1. Pan-systolic (between S1 and S2)
  2. High-pitched (whistling murmur)
    Bc high velocity blood flow thru leaky valve
20
Q

Where does the Mitral Regurgitation murmur radiate to?

A

Left Axilla

21
Q

What might you also hear in Mitral Regurgitation? (apart from murmur)

A

3rd Heart Sound

22
Q

What will you hear in Mitral Regurgitation overall? (2 things)

A
  1. Pan-systolic, high pitched murmur
  2. 3rd Heart Sound
23
Q

What is the most common Valvular Heart Disease?

A

Aortic stenosis

24
Q

What are the causes of Aortic Stenosis? (2 things)

A
  1. Rheumatic Heart Disease
  2. Idiopathic age related calcification
25
Q

What are the characteristics of the Murmur you will hear in Aortic Stenosis? Why? (3 things)

A
  1. Ejection-systolic
  2. High-pitched (bc high velocity of systole)
  3. Crescendo-decrescendo (bc SLOW flow at start of systole and FAST flow at end)
26
Q

Where does the murmur in Aortic Stenosis radiate to?

A

Carotids (bc turbulence continues up into neck)

27
Q

What other signs can be seen in Aortic Stenosis? (apart from murmur) (3 things)

A
  1. Slow rising pulse
  2. Narrow pulse pressure
  3. Exertional syncope (bc can’t maintain good flow to brain)
28
Q

What are the causes of Aortic Regurgitation? (2 things)

A
  1. Idiopathic age related weakness
  2. CT disorders (e.g Ehlers Danlos / Marfan Syndromes)
29
Q

What are the characteristics of the Murmur you will hear in Aortic Regurgitation? (2 things)

A
  1. Early Diastolic
  2. Soft + High pitched
30
Q

What other sign can be seen in Aortic Regurgitation? (apart from murmur)

A

Corrigan’s (collapsing) pulse = rapidly appearing + disappearing pulse carotid

31
Q

Why does Aortic Regurgitation cause a Corrigan’s (collapsing) pulse?

A

Blood pumped out by ventricles –> immediately flows back thru aortic valve into ventricles

32
Q

What can Aortic Regurgitation lead to?

A

Heart Failure
Bc back pressure of blood waiting to get to left side of heart

33
Q

What investigations should you do for sus Valvular Heart Disease? (3 things)

A
  1. Echocardiography
  2. ECG
  3. CXR
34
Q

What does an ECG detect in Valvular Heart Disease? (2 things)

A
  1. Rhythm change
  2. Chamber alterations (Hypertrophy / Dilatation)
35
Q

What does a CXR detect in Valvular Heart Disease? (3 things)

A
  1. Chamber alterations (Hypertrophy / Dilatation)
  2. Pulmonary congestion
  3. Other lung pathology
36
Q

How is a diagnosis of Valvular Heart Disease made upon? (2 things)

A
  1. Clinical examination
  2. Echocardiography
37
Q

What does Doppler echocardiography measure? (2 things)

A
  1. Pressure gradients
  2. Blood flow
38
Q

What is the management of Valvular Heart Disease?

A

Regular observation + NO active treatment

39
Q

When is intervention indicated in Valvular Heart Disease?

A

If moderate / severe lesion causes symptoms / cardiac dysfunction

40
Q

What are the intervention options for Valvular Heart Disease? (3 things)

A
  1. Valvuloplasty (opening stenosed valve w catheter)
  2. Valve Repair
  3. Valve Replacement

#Phase 2.1: CardioResp (28 decks)

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