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Cardiology > Valvular disease > Flashcards

Valvular disease Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

Congenital

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2
Q

mitral stenosis has what pathophysiological effect

A

Pulmonary oedema, pulmonary hypertension, Right ventricle dilation and tricuspid regurgitation. LA dilation

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3
Q

Symptoms of mitral stenosis

A

dyspnoea
rupture of thin walled veins
Chest pain
hoarseness due to compression of laryngeal nerve

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4
Q

Mitral stenosis clinical features

A 
Mitral facies (very red nose and cheeks)
Prominent JVP seen when ventricles contract  
tapping apex beat 
RV heave
diastolic heave
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5
Q

Auscultation of mitral stenosis

A

Hear blood movement between S2 and S1

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6
Q

CXR signs of mitral valve stenosis

A

Left atrium enlargement

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7
Q

Mitral valve stenosis treatment

A 
Diuretics 
control any AFib
anticoagulants if have AFib 
valvotomy (surgical widening of the valve)
Mitral valve replacement
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8
Q

Causes of mitral regurgitation

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
degenerative

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9
Q

Causes of acute mitral regurgitation

A 
valve perforation (tear in the valve)
damage to papillary muscle or chordae  tendinea
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10
Q

Symptoms of Acute Mitral regurgitation

A

Sudden dyspnoea
pulmonary oedema
Cardiogenic shock (fast HR low Bp)

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11
Q

Symptoms of chronic mitral regurgitation

A

fatigue
right heart failure
dyspnoea

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12
Q

Clinical feature of mitral regurgitation

A

raised JVP if heart failure has occurred
RV heave
strong apex beat

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13
Q

Auscultation of mitral regurgitation

A

Murmur between S1 and S2

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14
Q

mitral regurgitation investigation’s

A

ECG- shows LA enlargement
CXR- shows cardiomegaly, LA enlargement
Calcification of mitral annulus (part surrounding the valve)
echocardiogram would show the cause

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15
Q

Treatment for acute mitral regurgitation

A

Fast blood pressure lowering drugs
intra-aortic balloon pump

surgery to fix

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16
Q

Treatment for chronic mitral regurgitation

A

no pharmacological l treatment

possible replacement of corrective surgery

17
Q

Causes of Aortic stenosis

A

degenerative (linked to atherosclerosis)
Rheumatic
congenital bicuspid valve

18
Q

aortic stenosis has what pathophysiological effect

A 
increased systolic pressure 
causes severe hypertrophy 
increased size and strength of contraction due to high pressure causes high myocardial 02 use 
myocardial ischemia 
LV heart failure
19
Q

Aortic stenosis symptoms

A

Long asymptomatic phase

angina
syncope and dyspnoea on exertion
heart failure symptoms

20
Q

Aortic stenosis clinical features

A 
weak pulse 
raised JVP
low Bp 
strong apex beat
RV heave
21
Q

Auscultation of aortic stenosis

A

Loud murmur between S1 and S2

22
Q

What investigations would you do for suspected aortic stenosis

A

ECG- ST changes may indicate LV strain

CXR- Calcification of aortic valve

Echocardiograph- shows pretty much the whole shibang

23
Q

Aortic stenosis treatment

A

If heart failure then treat that

Aortic valve replacement if needed

24
Q

Causes of Aortic regurgitation

A

Dilated aorta
bicuspid valve
rheumatic
endocarditis

25
Q

Aortic regurgitation has what pathophysiological effect

A 
LV has to pump normal SV plus the volume of regurgitated blood 
LV hypertrophy and dilation 
Increased O2 consumption 
myocardial ischemia
Heart failure
26
Q

Aortic regurgitation symptoms

A

Long asymptomatic phase

Exertional dyspnoea

27
Q

Aortic regurgitation clinical feature

A

Large collapsing pulse
wide pulse pressure
displaced and strong apex beat

28
Q

Auscultation of Aortic regurgitation

A

Murmur after S2 which gets quieter

29
Q

Aortic regurgitation investigations

A

ECG- ST changes suggest LV failure
CXR- may show cardiomegaly in chronic disease
echocardiogram- shows pretty much the whole shibang

30
Q

Aortic regurgitation treatment

A

Vasodilator

surgery

Cardiology (14 decks)

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