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Cardiology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristic of aorta

A

wide lumen,
elastic wall
damp pressure variations

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2
Q

Characteristic of Arteries

A

wide lumen,
strong non-elastic wall
low resistance conduit

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3
Q

Characteristic of arterioles

A

narrow lumen, thick contractile wall
control resistance & therefore flow
allow regional redirection of blood

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4
Q

Characteristic of capillaries

A

narrow lumen, thin wall

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5
Q

Characteristic of venules and veins

A

wide lumen, distensible wall
low resistance conduit, & reservoir
allows fractional distribution of blood between veins & rest of circulation

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6
Q

What electrically connects cardiac cells

A

Gap junctions

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7
Q

what physically connects cardiac cells

A

desmosomes

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8
Q

Cardiac cells are connected. What is this called

A

syncytium

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9
Q

In non-pacemaker cells, what causes initial fast polarisation

A

Influx of Na

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10
Q

In non-pacemaker cells, What causes the plateau

A

Influx of Ca and release of K

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11
Q

In non-pacemaker cells, what cause repolarisation

A

Influx of K and Release of Na

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12
Q

In pacemaker cells, What causes polarisation

A

Influx of Ca

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13
Q

In pacemaker cells, What causes early prepotential

A

k channels gradually closing

influx of Na

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14
Q

In pacemaker cells, What causes late prepotential

A

influx of Ca

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15
Q

What type of Ca is used in polarisation

A

L-type

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16
Q

What type of Ca is used in prepotential

A

T-type

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17
Q

sympathetic nervous system release what neurotransmitter

A

noradrenaline

18
Q

noradrenaline acts on what receptors on SA node

A

B1 receptors

19
Q

Where is adrenaline released from where

A

adrenal medulla

20
Q

Which parasympathetic nerve acts on the heart

A

vagus

21
Q

Vagus nerve releases what neurotransmitter

A

ACh

22
Q

Ach acts on what receptors on SA node

A

muscarinic

23
Q

What autonomic system affects construability

A

sympathetic

24
Q

noradrenaline and adrenaline affect which receptors on myocytes

A

B1

25
Q

What 3 things increase venous return

A

Venule tone
skeletal-muscle pump
respiratory pump

26
Q

equation for MAP

A

MAP=CO X TPR

27
Q

4 examples of intrinsic flow controls

A

1 accumulation of metabolites from exercise for example
2 accumulation of metabolites from continued low flow
3 reaction to hypoxia
4 injury response

28
Q

What autonomic system controls vasoconstriction of vessels

A

sympathetic

29
Q

Which neuro transmitter causes vasoconstriction

A

noradrenaline

30
Q

noradrenalin binds to what receptors causing vasoconstriction

A

A-1

31
Q

Parasympathetic role in flow distribution

A

no role except to genitalia and salivary glands

32
Q

which hormone affects central flow distribution

A

adrenaline

33
Q

What receptors does adrenaline bind to and the affect

A

B-2 affects cardiac and skeletal muscle increases supply (vasodilation)
A-1 affects all other tissues causing vasoconstriction

34
Q

Where are the arterial baroceptors located

A

Aortic arch a

Carotid arteries

35
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory information to the brain form the aortic arch baroreceptor

A

Vagus nerve

36
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory information to the brain form the carotid baroreceptor

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

37
Q

Talk through effects of Valsalva manoeuvre

A

1) Increased thoracic pressure is transmitted through to aorta – hence the immediate jump
2) Increased thoracic pressure reduces the filling pressure from the veins, which therefore  VR,  EDV,  SV,  CO,  MAP
3) The reduced MAP is detected by baroreceptors which initiate a reflex increase in CO and TPR
4) At end of the manoeuvre, the decrease in thoracic pressure is transmitted through to the aorta – hence the drop
5) VR is restored so SV , but reflex effects have not worn off
6) Eventually, back to normal

38
Q

What does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do to MAP

A

Increase

39
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone do to MAP

A

Increase

40
Q

What does ANP and BNP do to MAP

A

decrease

41
Q

ANP and BNP are released by what and why

A

myocardial cells due to distention (sign of high MAP or fluid overload)

Cardiology (14 decks)

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