Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular System > Valvular and IHD Therapy > Flashcards

Valvular and IHD Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 different causes of cardiac ischaemia?

A 
Atheroscelrosis 
Embolism
Coronary thrombosis 
Aortic dissection 
Arteritides 
Congenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is arteritides?

A

Inflammation of an artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are commissures?

A

The places where the cusps of the valves meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is aortic dissection?

A

The intima and media of the aorta are ripped apart and blood enters the space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the manifestations of ischaemic heart diseases?

A 
Angina
MI
Arrythmias
Chronic heart failure
Sudden death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are two dangerous patterns of coronary artery disease?

A

L main stem stenosis

3 vessel coronary artery disease (LAD, L circumflex, RCA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are indications for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?

A

Symptomatic (any CAD pattern)

Prognostic (left main stem stenosis, 3 vessel coronary artery disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are requirements for CABG?

A

Adequate:
Lung function
Hepatic function
Mental function

Ascending aorta OK
Distal coronary arteries OK
LV EF>20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the potential conduits used for CABG?

A

Reversed saphenous vein
Internal mammary arteries
Radial arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 3 post-op problems in cardiac surgery

A

Cardiac tamponade
Death
Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a cardiac tamponade?

A

Build up of fluid or blood in the pericardial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the primary features of cardiac tamponade (following cardiac surgery)?

A

Raised CVP
Raised heart rate
Low BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the secondary features of cardiac tamponade following cardiac surgery?

A

Oliguria (low urine output)
Increased O2 demand
Metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can cardiac tamponade lead to if it becomes too severe?

A

Cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which valves are most commonly operated on in adults?

A

Aortic and mitral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which valves are most commonly operated on in children?

A

All four valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the causes of valvular heart disease in adults

A 
Degenerative valves 
Congenital 
Infective 
Inflammatory 
LV or RV dilatation 
Trauma 
Neoplastic 
Paraneoplastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A

Cardiac inflammation and scarring triggered by streptococcal infections
It manifests into pancarditis, involving inflammation of the myocardium, endocardium, and epicardium

19
Q

What is the clinical presentation of pancarditis?

A

Friction rub
Skin rash
Acute renal failure
St Vitus’ Dance

20
Q

How is pancarditis treated?

A

Aspirin and bed rest

21
Q

Which organism give rise to subacute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Strep viridians

22
Q

Which organism give rise to acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Staph aureus

23
Q

Is endocarditis caused by staph. aureas or strep. viridans more likely to be cured?

A

Higher chance with strep viridian’s

24
Q

What is the chance of survival of natural valve endocarditis with antibiotics alone?

A

90%

25
Q

What is the chance of survival of prosthetic valve endocarditis with antibiotics alone?

A

50%

26
Q

What are the indications for surgery in endocarditis?

A

Severe valvular regurgitation
Large vegetations
Persistent pyrexia
Progressive renal failure

27
Q

What is given post-operatively in endocarditis?

A

IV antibiotics for 6 weeks

28
Q

How does aortic stenosis typically present?

A

Heart failure
Angina
Syncopal episodes
Asymptomatic incidental finding

29
Q

How is aortic stenosis differentiated from aortic sclerosis?

A

Loss of S2 heart sound due to murmur

30
Q

What is the recommended treatment for severe aortic stenosis?

A

Aortic valve replacement

31
Q

What does aortic regurgitation typically present as?

A

Heart failure
Angina
Asymptomatic incidental finding

32
Q

What type of murmur is heard with aortic regurgitation?

A

Diastolic - usually hard to hear

33
Q

What treatment is recommended for severe aortic regurgitation?

A

Aortic valve replacement - especial with LV dilation

34
Q

When is surgery recommended for mitral stenosis?

A

Orifice on ECHO <1.5cm2

35
Q

Why is mitral stenosis hard to hear?

A

It is diastolic - may have to exercise to hear

36
Q

What is severe mitral regurgitation associated with?

A

LV and LA dilations causing AF and pulmonary HPT

37
Q

What treatment is recommended for severe mitral regurgitation?

A

Mitral valve replacement

38
Q

How does an ECHO characterise mitral regurgitation?

A

Systolic blood flow reversal in the pulmonary veins

39
Q

What is the function the cardiopulmonary bypass machine?

A

Drains deoxygenated blood from RA, oxygenates it, and returned it to the ascending aorta

40
Q

What is required when using a cardiopulmonary bypass machine?

A

Systemic anticoagulation

Induced hypothermia

41
Q

What are rules of CBP?

A

Max time 12hrs

Max cardiac ischaemia time 6hrs

42
Q

What are complications of CBP?

A

Coagulopathy

Air embolism

43
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of a biological valve choice for heart valve prosthesis?

A

No warfarin

Wears out after 15yrs

44
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of a mechanical valve choice for heart valve prosthesis?

A

Warfarin for life

Lasts > 40 yrs

Cardiovascular System (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions