Valve disease Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of acute AR

A

Infective endocarditis
Type A aortic dissection

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2
Q

Causes of chronic AR

A

Congenital - bicuspid aortic valve
Rheumatic heart disease
Connective tissue - Marfan’s
Autoimmune - Ank Spond, RA

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3
Q

Symptoms of AR

A

LVF
Arrhythmias
Angina

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4
Q

Sx of LVF

A

SOB

Orthopnoea

PND

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5
Q

Signs of AR

A

Collapsing pulse
Wide pulse pressure
Apex displaced
HS: Soft S2 +/- S3
Early Diastolic Murmur

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6
Q

Ix for AR

A

Bloods
ECG
CXR - pulmonary oedema, cardiomegaly
Echo

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7
Q

Mx of AR

A

Optimise RFs - statins, antihypertensives, DM
Aortic valve replacement

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8
Q

Causes of mitral stenosis (MS)

A

Rheumatic fever
Prosthetic valve
Congenital

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9
Q

Symptoms of MS

A

Dyspnoea
Chest pain
AF - atrial hypertrophy
Haemoptysis

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10
Q

Cause of haemoptysis with MS

A

Rupture of bronchial veins

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11
Q

Signs of MS

A

AF
Malar flush
Raised JVP
HS: Loud S1
Mid Diastolic Murmur

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12
Q

When does MS manifest

A

Manifest when orifice < 2 square cm

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13
Q

Complications of MS

A

Pulmonary HTN
Emboli
Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
Dysphagia - oesophageal compression

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14
Q

Sign of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy

A

Hoarse voice

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15
Q

Mx of MS

A

Optimise RFs
Percutaneous ballon valvuloplasty
Surgical valvotomy
Valve replacement

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16
Q

Causes of MR

A

Mitral valve prolapse
LV dilatation
Post MI
Rheumatic fever
Connective tissue - Marfan’s

17
Q

Symptoms of MR

A

Dyspnoea
AF
Pulmonary HTN
Pulmonary Oedema

18
Q

Signs of MR

A

AF
Apex displaced
HS: Soft S1
Pan Systolic Murmur

19
Q

Mx of MR

A

Optimise RFs
Valve repair
Valve replacement

20
Q

Barlow syndrome

A

Mitral valve prolapse

21
Q

Causes of mitral valve prolapse

A

MI
Marfan’s
Turner’s

22
Q

Signs of mitral valve prolapse

A

Mid Systolic click
+/- Late Systolic Murmur

23
Q

AR murmur

A

Early Diastolic Murmur

24
Q

MS murmur

A

Mid Diastolic Murmur

25
Q

MR murmur

A

Pan Systolic murmur

26
Q

AS murmur

A

Ejection Systolic murmur

27
Q

AS causes

A

Senile calcification (60yrs +): commonest
Congenital
Rheumatic fever

28
Q

Congenital causes of AS

A

Bicuspid valve

William’s syndrome

29
Q

Symptoms of AS

A

Angina

Dyspnoea

Syncope (on exertion)

LVF

30
Q

Signs of AS

A

Slow rising pulse
Ejection systolic murmur

Radiates to carotids

31
Q

Severe AS signs

A

Narrow pulse pressure
Decompensation: LVF

32
Q

Medical treatment of AS

A

Optimise RFs
Monitor with echo
Angina: β-Blocker
Heart failure: ACEi and diuretics
Avoid nitrates

33
Q

Surgery for AS

A

Replacement
Balloon valvuplasty
TAVI

34
Q

Different types of valves for replacement

A

Mechanical valves
Bioprosthetic valves

35
Q

Who get mechanical valves

A

Young pts

36
Q

Problem with mechanical valves

A

Last longer but require anticoagulation

37
Q

Problem with bioprosthetic valves

A

Fail 10-15 yrs

38
Q

TAVI

A

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation