Values Flashcards
what are Schwartz’s values?
Power, Achievement, Hedonoism, stimluation, self direction, universalism, Benevolence, Tradition, Conformity, Security
outline acheivement as a value
Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards (successful, capable, ambitious, influential).
Outline Power as a value
Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources (social power, authority, wealth).
outline Hedoism as a value
Pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself (pleasure, enjoying life, selfindulgent).
Outline stimuation as a value
Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life (daring, a varied life, an exciting life).
Outline self direction as a value
Independent thought and action choosing, creating, exploring (creativity, freedom, independent, curious, choosing own goals).
Outline Universalism as a value
Understanding, appreciation, tolerance and protection of the welfare of all people and of nature (broadminded, wisdom, social justice, equality, a world at peace, a world of beauty, unity with nature, protecting the environment)
outline benevolence as a value
Preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact (helpful, honest, forgiving, loyal, responsible).
outline tradition as a value
Respect, commitment and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide the self. (humble, accepting my portion in life, devout, respect for tradition, moderate)
outline coformity as a value
Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms (politeness, obedient, self-discipline, honouring parents and elders).
outline security as value
Safety, harmony and stability of society, of relationships, and of self (family security, national security, social order, clean, reciprocation of favours).
What is a value?
Whatisimportanttopeopleintheirlives –> Basicmotivations
General(transcendsituations)
Relativelystable
Availabletoconsciousness
Sociallypositive
Organizedinpersonalhierarchies perceptionandbehaviour
why should we care about values (4 points)
Background variables (e.g., age, education, culture)
Attitudes (e.g., towards political and policy issues)
Preferences (e.g., political, university major, group identification)
Behaviour (political, environmental, health, delinquency, alcohol use)
how do values work?
values -> goals-> attititudes –> behaviours
power -> commmander -> pro-taking charge -> leading others
how do values correlate?
Correlations between each variable. I.e how much someone will value one value and how this correlates to them also valuing the other.
map of correlations = closer each point is = more positiely correlated so more likely to co-occur
how do vlaues within the value wheel correlate?
Specific values within each area tend to co-occur a lot.
Adjacent values cooccur values opposite have negative relations.
Achieving is due to social standards e.g. high grades.
Bipolar dimensions
Self enhancement and self-transcendence
Or
Openness to change and conservation
Individual interests and collective interests
Hedonism has elements of both self enhancement and openness to change.
Bleed-Over Effect
Adjacent values in the circle have similar relations to any attitude or behaviour
E.g., Problematic alcohol use positively related both to hedonism and stimulation values (Dollinger & Kobayashi, 2003).
explain the seee-saw effect
An attitude or behaviour that positively relates to one value is often negatively related to the conflicting values.
E.g., Adolescents’ self-reported violence positively related to power values and negatively to universalism values (Knafo et al., 2008).
Twas a self-report study so issues with social desirability bias.
how do you get hypothesis derivation from values charts?
plot where each participant falls on a line of certain values and see where the two points cross.
Outline the evidence of structure of values to values in memory
(Pakizeh,Gebauer,&Maio,2007) 1.Completevaluequestionnaire 2.Rateimportanceofonevalue 3.Rateimportanceofanothervalue(measureresponse time)
Found:
Fasterratingsifsecondvalueappearedaftervalue basedonasimilarorconflictingmotivation Effectwasnotduetocontentsimilarity
how do you measure values?
- SVS (Schwartz, 1992)
List of values, rate how important is:
‐EQUALITY (equal opportunity for all)
‐SUCCESSFUL (achieving goals)
Scale: ‐1 (opposed) to 7 (supreme importance)
PVQ
Created this one to make the previous more concrete and to study adolescents.
PVQ (Schwartz et al., 1999) ‐He thinks it is important that every person in the world be treated equally. He believes everyone should have equal opportunities in life.
‐Being very successful is important to her. She likes to impress other people.
Scale: 1 (very much like me) to 6 (not at all like me)
3.TheSchwartzValueBestWorstSurveytask(SVBWS;Lee,Soutar& Louviere,2008)11subsets,eachconsistingof6ofthe1valuetypes (Universalismsplitintotwosubtypes).Eachvaluetypeisseensixtimesand eachpairofvaluetypesthreetimes.Foreachsubsetofvaluetypes, respondentsareaskedtopickthemostandleastimportantvaluesthat guidetheirlives
4. PBVS‐C(Döringetal.,2009). Do it on a sticker system- distribution of stickers.
Circle of values at age of 8
how do you rate what is the most global important value?
Social desirability most correlated to conformity values so completion of questionnaire not contaminated by social desirability bias (Schwartz, and Bardi, 2001)
how do the values rank in the uk?
- benevolence
- universalism
- self-direction.
last. power
ESS,2006‐7
how do values predict behaviour?
Traditionandstimulation‐‐Strongest Conformityandbenevolence‐‐Weakest Why? Situationalpressures(seeevidenceinBardi&Schwartz, 2003)
Valuesaffectwhatwechooseforuniversitystudies: ValueImportanceofBusinessComparedwith Psychologystudentsatthebeginningofstudies (Bardi,Buchanan,Goodwin,Slabu,&Robinson,2014)
What is the correlation betwen music and values?
Participantsrecruitedthroughmusicinternetwebsites( knownmusicpreference) 1.Imaginemeetingapersonwholikesrock/hip‐hop. 2.Whatdoyouthinkarethisperson’svalues? 3.Howmuchdoyoulikethisperson? 4.Rateownvalues. Found:peoplearemoreattractedtothosewithsimilar musictastepartlyb/ctheythinktheysharethesame values Alsofoundinreallife:roommateswithsimilarmusictaste, perceivedvaluesimilarity&likedeachothermore.
Boer,. et al. 2011
Values & Music preferences (Gardikiotis & Baltzis, 2010)
owed that the values of openness to change (positively) and conservation (negatively) significantly predicted scores of Punk etc.
heavy metal- The less individuals emphasize the values of conformity and security as well as the values of own success and dominance
conservation
pop- importance to self-identity and values
jazz- showed that the best predictors of this preference construct were the self-transcendence and the conservation values
how does variance in values lead to parent trasnmitting values onto children?
Parent-child value transmission (Döring, Makarova, Herzog, & Bardi, 2017)
self‐transcendence values were most important on average, whereas self‐enhancement values were least important on average
