Values

Question 1

what are Schwartz’s values?

Answer 1

Power, Achievement, Hedonoism, stimluation, self direction, universalism, Benevolence, Tradition, Conformity, Security

Question 2

outline acheivement as a value

Answer 2

Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards (successful, capable, ambitious, influential).

Question 3

Outline Power as a value

Answer 3

Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources (social power, authority, wealth).

Question 4

outline Hedoism as a value

Answer 4

Pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself (pleasure, enjoying life, selfindulgent).

Question 5

Outline stimuation as a value

Answer 5

Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life (daring, a varied life, an exciting life).

Question 6

Outline self direction as a value

Answer 6

Independent thought and action choosing, creating, exploring (creativity, freedom, independent, curious, choosing own goals).

Question 7

Outline Universalism as a value

Answer 7

Understanding, appreciation, tolerance and protection of the welfare of all people and of nature (broadminded, wisdom, social justice, equality, a world at peace, a world of beauty, unity with nature, protecting the environment)

Question 8

outline benevolence as a value

Answer 8

Preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact (helpful, honest, forgiving, loyal, responsible).

Question 9

outline tradition as a value

Answer 9

Respect, commitment and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide the self. (humble, accepting my portion in life, devout, respect for tradition, moderate)

Question 10

outline coformity as a value

Answer 10

Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms (politeness, obedient, self-discipline, honouring parents and elders).

Question 11

outline security as value

Answer 11

Safety, harmony and stability of society, of relationships, and of self (family security, national security, social order, clean, reciprocation of favours).

Question 12

What is a value?

Answer 12

Whatisimportanttopeopleintheirlives –> Basicmotivations
General(transcendsituations)
Relativelystable
Availabletoconsciousness
Sociallypositive
Organizedinpersonalhierarchies perceptionandbehaviour

Question 13

why should we care about values (4 points)

Answer 13

Background variables (e.g., age, education, culture)

Attitudes (e.g., towards political and policy issues)

Preferences (e.g., political, university major, group identification)

Behaviour (political, environmental, health, delinquency, alcohol use)

Question 14

how do values work?

Answer 14

values -> goals-> attititudes –> behaviours

power -> commmander -> pro-taking charge -> leading others

Question 15

how do values correlate?

Answer 15

Correlations between each variable. I.e how much someone will value one value and how this correlates to them also valuing the other.
map of correlations = closer each point is = more positiely correlated so more likely to co-occur

Question 16

how do vlaues within the value wheel correlate?

Answer 16

Specific values within each area tend to co-occur a lot.

Adjacent values cooccur values opposite have negative relations.
Achieving is due to social standards e.g. high grades.
Bipolar dimensions
Self enhancement and self-transcendence
Or
Openness to change and conservation
Individual interests and collective interests
Hedonism has elements of both self enhancement and openness to change.
Bleed-Over Effect
Adjacent values in the circle have similar relations to any attitude or behaviour
E.g., Problematic alcohol use positively related both to hedonism and stimulation values (Dollinger & Kobayashi, 2003).

Question 17

explain the seee-saw effect

Answer 17

An attitude or behaviour that positively relates to one value is often negatively related to the conflicting values.
E.g., Adolescents’ self-reported violence positively related to power values and negatively to universalism values (Knafo et al., 2008).
Twas a self-report study so issues with social desirability bias.

Question 18

how do you get hypothesis derivation from values charts?

Answer 18

plot where each participant falls on a line of certain values and see where the two points cross.

Question 19

Outline the evidence of structure of values to values in memory

Answer 19

(Pakizeh,Gebauer,&Maio,2007) 1.Completevaluequestionnaire 2.Rateimportanceofonevalue 3.Rateimportanceofanothervalue(measureresponse time)
Found:
Fasterratingsifsecondvalueappearedaftervalue basedonasimilarorconflictingmotivation Effectwasnotduetocontentsimilarity

Question 20

how do you measure values?

Answer 20

1. SVS (Schwartz, 1992)
   List of values, rate how important is:
   ‐EQUALITY (equal opportunity for all)
   ‐SUCCESSFUL (achieving goals)
   Scale: ‐1 (opposed) to 7 (supreme importance)

PVQ
Created this one to make the previous more concrete and to study adolescents.
PVQ (Schwartz et al., 1999) ‐He thinks it is important that every person in the world be treated equally. He believes everyone should have equal opportunities in life.
‐Being very successful is important to her. She likes to impress other people.
Scale: 1 (very much like me) to 6 (not at all like me)

3.TheSchwartzValueBestWorstSurveytask(SVBWS;Lee,Soutar& Louviere,2008)11subsets,eachconsistingof6ofthe1valuetypes (Universalismsplitintotwosubtypes).Eachvaluetypeisseensixtimesand eachpairofvaluetypesthreetimes.Foreachsubsetofvaluetypes, respondentsareaskedtopickthemostandleastimportantvaluesthat guidetheirlives
4. PBVS‐C(Döringetal.,2009). Do it on a sticker system- distribution of stickers.
Circle of values at age of 8 

Question 21

how do you rate what is the most global important value?

Answer 21

Social desirability most correlated to conformity values so completion of questionnaire not contaminated by social desirability bias (Schwartz, and Bardi, 2001)

Question 22

how do the values rank in the uk?

Answer 22

1. benevolence
2. universalism
3. self-direction.
   last. power
   ESS,2006‐7

Question 23

how do values predict behaviour?

Answer 23

Traditionandstimulation‐‐Strongest Conformityandbenevolence‐‐Weakest Why? Situationalpressures(seeevidenceinBardi&Schwartz, 2003)

Valuesaffectwhatwechooseforuniversitystudies: ValueImportanceofBusinessComparedwith Psychologystudentsatthebeginningofstudies (Bardi,Buchanan,Goodwin,Slabu,&Robinson,2014)

Question 24

What is the correlation betwen music and values?

Answer 24

Participantsrecruitedthroughmusicinternetwebsites( knownmusicpreference) 1.Imaginemeetingapersonwholikesrock/hip‐hop. 2.Whatdoyouthinkarethisperson’svalues? 3.Howmuchdoyoulikethisperson? 4.Rateownvalues. Found:peoplearemoreattractedtothosewithsimilar musictastepartlyb/ctheythinktheysharethesame values Alsofoundinreallife:roommateswithsimilarmusictaste, perceivedvaluesimilarity&likedeachothermore.
Boer,. et al. 2011
Values & Music preferences (Gardikiotis & Baltzis, 2010)
owed that the values of openness to change (positively) and conservation (negatively) significantly predicted scores of Punk etc.
heavy metal- The less individuals emphasize the values of conformity and security as well as the values of own success and dominance
conservation
pop- importance to self-identity and values
jazz- showed that the best predictors of this preference construct were the self-transcendence and the conservation values

Question 25

how does variance in values lead to parent trasnmitting values onto children?

Answer 25

Parent-child value transmission (Döring, Makarova, Herzog, & Bardi, 2017)
self‐transcendence values were most important on average, whereas self‐enhancement values were least important on average