Jung Flashcards
Psychological research
Outline the Life of Jung
Born in 1875 in Switzerland Son of a country pastor Age 3 years, Mother hospitalised Solitary, unhappy at school Studied medicine at University of Basel Began working at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital in Zürichunder under Eugen Bieuler who introduced him to works of Freud. met Freud in 1907-13 hours talking 1912- disagreement with Freud over the libido died 1961
Outlines Jungs ideas on schizophrenia:
Study of Schizophrenia
• Many of Jung’s ideas about schizophrenia anticipated current thinking about the disorder
• Schizophrenia can be understood from both the psychological and biological levels.
• Psychological importance of psychotic symptoms and how they can be used to guide treatment.
• Psychological factors important in causing the disorder
Beginning of art therapy- Mandala painted by Kristene mann who was psychoanalysed by Jung. - patients would paint and Jung thought emotions and fellings were conveyed through art.
Outline Why Jung used Word Association test and the following implications of this test.
Jung’s main approach to investigating personal unconscious
• Repressed or neglected memories of life events = Freudian preconscious
• Key feature –complexes
Thoughts, feelings and memories relating to single concept e.g. mother
Has several applications in psychology:
− Clinical assessment
− Cognitive psychology
Word Association Test –Case Study
• 17 year-old boy referred to Jung (1903) for psychiatric assessment following accusation of rape. (described in Jarvis, 2004)
• On admission, patient apathetic and disorientated.
• Over three weeks Jung observed improvement in word association.
− Logical: scores increased from 15.3 to 69.3 (good mental health) −(logical responses= good) Clanging: nonsense associations associated with psychosis decreased from 3.7 to 0
− Meaningless association (objects in field of view) decreased from 64 to 0
• Jung interpreted changes as indicator that boy was genuinely insane at the time of the rape and supported his defence of insanity.
Outline Jungs Psychological types
Human personality can be classified according to attitude type (introvert, extravert) and function type (thinking, feeling, sensing, intuition) 8 personality types, classification describes most natural adapted skills
Attitude type: Attention to the outer world (extraversion) or subjective experience (introversion)
Functions:
Sensation/Intuition –preferred mode of perceiving, gathering data
Thinking/Feeling – preferred mode of judging, reaching conclusions
What is the MBTI?
Psychometric test assesses individual personality according to Jung’s typology
MBTI -Psychometric test assesses individual personality according to Jung’s typology
- Some limitations of MBTI compared to current 5 factor model (e.g. Costa & McCrae, 1989)
- MBTI popular research tool in Occupational Psychology
− Relationship between type and occupation (Stilwell et al. 2000)
− Understanding individual behaviour at work (Johnson, 1997)
• Extraverts favour collaboration, introverts motivated to avoid conflict
What was an important point of focus for Jung in his theories?
Relationship between religion and psychology a major interest of Jung.
- Involved in religious debates
- Felt that spiritual concerns were the highest human values
- Jung’s work important influence on the development of pastoral psychology: use of counselling and psychotherapy by clergy.
Outline Jungs structure of the mind
the ego, the personal unconcious and the collective unconcious
described by Jung as being unifying force in the psyche at the centre of our consciousness
contains conscious thoughts and feelings and memories of previous experiences.
The ego is responsible for our feelings of identity and continuity as human beings (Jung 1965)
By this we mean that you are aware that as a child you were different in many ways but still have a sense of being you, in the future you know you will change but there will still be an inner sense of your own identity.
Saw psyche as a network of opposing forces in which the aim of development is to create harmony With the structures of the personality- he called the totla personality the Psyche
Jung adopted the idea of the libido as motivating force behind behaviour but in a much broader sense. Suggested hypothetical sort of life force that was not just purely sexual or aggressive drives. Life-priocess energy resulted from conflicts between the different forces within the psyche.
creating life-process energy- Principles of the opposites concioous and unconcious forces always opposed eachother and create energy
e,g, love and hatred- why murders happen in a relationship
person develops through life
outline Jungs view of the unconcious
Personal Unconscious
− Personal experiences that have been blocked from our awareness
− Can be bought into consciousness by psychoanalysis (e.g. Word association)
− Complexes
Collective Unconscious
Beyond personal experience, shared, inherited instincts (archetypes)
− Commonality -Hallucinations, dreams, drawings of patients, myths and fantasies across cultures very similar − Predisposition to respond to the world in certain ways e.g. fear of dark
Outline what Jung means by the libido
Adopted Freud’s idea of libido/psychic energy but used it in broader sense
- Generalised ‘life energy’, driving force
- Purpose to motivate individual intellectually, spiritually and creatively
- Believes individual’s behaviour influenced by future goals not just the past ‘teleology’
- A metaphor rather than literal explanation of mental functioning.
− Sexual symbolism represents an instinct for power as well as sex
What is Jung’s prefered method of Analyisis?
According to Jung mental illness results from one-sided development in the psyche.
Aim for patients to achieve balance inn opposing forces in their psyche and achieve self-realisation.
Dream analysis and word association to locate imbalance
Differed from Freud in dream interpretation and style of analysis
4 stages of therapy: Confession; Elucidation; Education; Transformation
Outline Jung’s Dream analysis
Dreams stem from personal unconscious and collective unconscious
- Dream content related to present and future
- Did not distinguish between latent and manifest content
- May represent dreamers attempt at solving problems and finding psychologically healthy way forward, ‘moral function’
- May be compensatory e.g. fearful person skydiving
- Contrast with Freud’s incompatible wish fulfilment
Case study (Jung, 1942)
Background: (from Jarvis, 2004) Woman idealises her mother who had died of cancer. Transferred idealization of mother to her best friend but was now tired of the relationship though reluctant to break it off.
Dream: Woman is about to cross a wide river. There is no bridge but she sees a ford. Just as she is about to cross a large crab grabs her by the foot and will not let go. She is very afraid and wakes up
Dreams stem from personal unconscious and collective unconscious
- Dream content related to present and future
- Did not distinguish between latent and manifest content
- May represent dreamers attempt at solving problems and finding psychologically healthy way forward, ‘moral function’
- May be compensatory e.g. fearful person skydiving
- Contrast with Freud’s incompatible wish fulfilment
Case study (Jung, 1942)
Background: (from Jarvis, 2004) Woman idealises her mother who had died of cancer. Transferred idealization of mother to her best friend but was now tired of the relationship though reluctant to break it off.
Dream: Woman is about to cross a wide river. There is no bridge but she sees a ford. Just as she is about to cross a large crab grabs her by the foot and will not let go. She is very afraid and wakes up
Outline what Jung meant by archetypes
The wise man – gives spiritual direction
• The great mother -the powerful, good and bad mothe
r • The demon -the personification of evil
- The hero – conquers evil
- The maiden – innocent, pure
- The trickster – prankster
- God–personification of creative universe
The persona- Our public face Role (mask) that we adopt to help us deal with other people May hide part of the true nature of the individual
The Shadow: Desires and feelings that are not acceptable to society or our conscious- Acceptance of the shadow leads to good mental health and re-direction of energy Carry out anti-social acts if energy not re-directed Denial -projection onto others, can lead to prejudice
Anima and Animus
Anima -Female component of the male psyche
Animus –Male component of the female psyche Presence of anima and animus allow us to empathise with each other
Healthy psychological functioning requires a masculine and feminine side
Self: Organising force bringing about unity of whole personality Aim of every individual is to achieve a state of self-hood -Last major personality system to develop, typically not until middle age Distributes libido between different systems so personality has balance
Outline what Jung meant by self-realsation and Idividuation
Self-realisation: The harmonious blending of the many forces within the psyche Final stage of personality development and achieved later in life
• Individuation: The lifelong process of psychological maturity Acknowledgement of previously unconscious impulses
Crucial for healthy functioning personality and well-being of society
What did Jung say were the stages of midlife development?
Stages of development were defined in terms of focus of libidinal energy
- Childhood (birth to adolescence) – survival skills and sexual activities
- Young adulthood (adolescence to ~ 40) – learning vocation, family, community life
- Middle age (40+) transforms person from energetic, extraverted and biologically oriented person to one with cultural, philosophical and spiritual values
What are the 8 psychological types outlined by Jung?
Extraverted Thinking: Direct themselves and others According to fixed rules and principles, interested in reality, order, material facts, recall facts and numbers accurately (Uma Thurman, Napoleon Bonaparte)
Extraverted Feeling: Conventional and well adjusted to their environment; concerned with personal and social success, changeable and into fashions, chat show hosts and stars (Ophrah Winfrey, ELton John)
Extraverted Sensing: Focus on external facts, practical; accept the world as it is; affable; enjoy life, sensual (Taylor Swift, Lady Gaga)
Extraverted Intuitive: Often charismatic leaders; operate according to intuition rather than to seek pleasure or follow logic (Tom Hanks, Steve Wozniak)
Introverted Thinking: Formulate questions and seek to understand their own being; neglect the world; repress feelings and find people difficult, creating complex internal models (Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin)
Introverted Feeling: Inaccessible, quiet and mysterious to others, self-sufficient, high level of empathy, nursing or counselling (J.K Rowling, Beyoncé) Introverted Sensing : Calm and artistic; feed on sense impressions (Mother Teresa, Tiger Woods) Introverted Intuitive: Follow an inner vision; day-dreamers, see themselves as misunderstood geniuses struggling with a unique experience (Gandalf LoTR)
