Validity

Question 1

When a study has internal validity, the experimenter can conclude that observed variations in the____variable were caused by variations in the____variable rather than by other factors.

Answer 1

dependent;indepedent

Question 2

Campbell and Stanley have identified several “generic” extraneous variables that can limit a study’s internal validity.

Answer 2

g

Question 3

_____refers to an external event that is irrelevant to the research hypothesis but that occurs during the course of a study and affects subjects’ status on the___variable.

Answer 3

History; dependent

Question 4

______refers to changes that occur within subjects during the course of a study as the result of the passage of time and that have a systematic effect on the DV.

Answer 4

Maturation

Question 5

Statistical____is the tendency for very high and low scores to move toward the mean on retesting. It threatens a study’s internal validity whenever subjects are selected to participate in the study because of their extreme scores on the ____variable measure.

Answer 5

regression;dependent

Question 6

_____is a problem when subjects in different treatment groups are not similar in terms of important characteristics at the onset of the study.

Answer 6

Selection

Question 7

______limits a study’s internal validity when subjects who drop out of the study differ in some important way from subjects who remain in the study for its duration.

Answer 7

Attrition

Question 8

_____can interact with history and threaten a study’s internal validity if one group of subjects is exposed to an external condition that does not affect subjects in other groups.

Answer 8

Selection

Question 9

External validity refers to the____of research results to other people, settings, and conditions.

Answer 9

generalization

Question 10

A potential threat to external validity is an interaction between____and treatment which occurs when people in the sample differ from people in the___interms of some characteristics that makes them respond differently to the independent variable.

Answer 10

selection; population

Question 11

___another potential threat to external(and internal) validity occurs when research participants act differently because they know their behvaior is being observed.

Answer 11

Reactivity

Question 12

A subject’s behavior might be altered by___which are cues in the research setting that communicate to subjects what behaviors are expected of them.

Answer 12

demand characteristics

Question 13

Multiple treatment___threatens a study’s external validity when more than one___of the IV is administered to each subject. This threat can be controlled by using a Latin square design or other type of____design.

Answer 13

interference; level; counterbalanced