Inferential Tests

Question 1

The various inferential statistical tests are categorized as either parametric or nonparametric. Both types of tests share the assumptions that the sample has been___from the population and that observations are___.

Answer 1

randomly selected; independent

Question 2

A___test is used when the data being analyzed represent a(n)____or ratio scale of measurement and when two assumptions have been met. The first assumption is that in the population from which the sample was drawn scores on the variable are____distributed. The second assumption is that there is “homoscedasticity” which means that the population____are equal.

Answer 2

parametric;interval; normally;variances

Question 3

If the data to be analyzed do not meet the assumptions for a parametric test or if they represent a(n)____or ordinal scale of measurement, a____test is used. The major limitation of the nonparametric tests is that they are less___than parametric tests, which means that when using these tests, it is more difficult to reject a false____hypothesis.

Answer 3

nominal; nonparametric; powerful; null

Question 4

Parametric or nonparametric tests both yield a test statistic that the researcher compares to a critical value, which is the cutoff point that divides the____into the regions of likely and unlikely values. The critical value for a particular research study is determined by two factors:____and the degrees of freedom.

Answer 4

sampling distribution;alpha

Question 5

The chi-square test is used for analyzing data collected on a nominal variable (or other variable that is being treated as a nominal variable). The____sample chi-square test is used when a study includes only one___and the data on that variable are reported in terms of____. It would be the appropriate test for analyzing the data obtained in a study designed to compare the number of private colleges located in the Northwest,Midwest, South, and West in the U.S. The degrees of freedom for this study equal___.

Answer 5

single; variable; frequencies; 3

Question 6

The___sample chi-square test is used when a study includes___or more variables and the data to be analyzed represent (or are being treated as)____data. It would be appropriate test if a researcher wants to determine if four major cities in the US differ in terms of the frequency of 5 different crimes(homicide, assault, rape, robbery, larceny). The degrees of freedom for this study areequal to____.

Answer 6

multiple; 2; nominal;(4-1)(5-1)=12

Question 7

The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test are used to analyze data when a study includes one____variable with two levels and the data to be analyzed are reported in terms of____.

Answer 7

independent; ranks

Question 8

The Mann-Whitney U test is appropriate when the two groups are___, while the Wilcoxon test is used when the groups are____.

Answer 8

independent;correlated

Question 9

The various forms of the t-test are all used to compare 2___. The t-test for a single sample is appropriate for comparing an obtained___to a known___. The degrees of freedom for a t-test for a single sample are equal to___,where N is the number of subjects in the sample.

Answer 9

means; group(sample) mean; population mean; (N-1)

Question 10

The t-test for__samples is used to compare the means obtained by subjects in 2 unrelated groups. the degrees of freedom for this t-test are equal to____, where N is the total number of subjects in the study.

Answer 10

independent; (N-2)

Question 11

The t-test for___samples is used to compare two means when groups are related. Related groups are obtained in several ways. One way is by matching subjects in pairs on the basis of their status on a(n)____variable. another way is for subjects to act as their own____(comparison) group. The degrees of freedom for this t-test equal____, where N is the number of____.

Answer 11

correlated; extraneous variable;control; (N-1); pairs of scores

Question 12

If a psychologist conducts a study to compare the effects of two weight reduction programs and he matches subjects in pairs in terms of their initial weight and assigns members of each pair to a different program, the t-test for___would be the appropriate statistical test. If the sample consists of 26 subjects, the degrees of freedom for this study will be equal to____.

Answer 12

correlated samples; 26 subjects(13pairs of scores-1)=12

Question 13

The two main forms of the analysis of variance arethe one-way ANOVA and the factorial ANOVA. The___ANOVA is used when a study includes one____variable and two or more___groups. It yields a single F-ratio which is calculated by dividing MSB by MSW.MSB is ameasure of variability that reflects_____:MSW is a measure of variability that reflects_____.

Answer 13

one way; independent; indepedent; treatment effects+error;

Question 14

MSW is a measure of variability that reflects____.When MSB is ___than MSW, the F-ratio is greater than___,suggesting that the independent variable has had an effect.

Answer 14

error;larger; 1.0

Question 15

The factorial ANOVA is the appropriate statistical test when a research study includes____independent variables. The factorial ANOVA provides a separate F-ratio for the___effects of each variable and the___between variables.

Answer 15

2 or more;main; interaction

Question 16

If apsychologist conducts a study to compare the effects of four different weight loss programs for males and females, the study’s independent variable(s) would be____.Assuming that the dependent variable is measured on a(n)____or ratio scale,the appropriate statistical test would be the__ANOVA.

Answer 16

weight loss program and gender; interval; factorial(two way)

Question 17

Several forms of the ANOVA are available for more complex research designs. The____ANOVA would be used when a researcher wants to control an extraneous variable by statistically analyzing its effects on the dependent variable.

Answer 17

Randomized block

Question 18

Alternatively, the effects of an extraneous variable can be statistically removed using the____.

Answer 18

ANCOVA

Question 19

The repeated measures ANOVA is used to analyze interval and ratio data when a___subjects research design has been employed.

Answer 19

within

Question 20

If a study incorporates the within-subjects and between-groups designs, the____ANOVA is appropriate.

Answer 20

mixed(split-plot)

Question 21

Trend analysis is used for identifying linear and nonlinear trends when the___is quantitative.

Answer 21

independent variable

Question 22

If a study includes one IV and four DVs, a researcher has a choice between conducting four___ANOVAs or a single____. In this situation, the latter test is usually preferred because it helps reduce the_____.

Answer 22

one-way; MANOVA;experimentwise error rate(probability of making Type I error)

Question 23

Cohen’s d and eta squared can both be used as measures of___.

Answer 23

effect size