Correlational Tests&Prediction Techniques

Question 1

Correlational techniques are used to determine the degree of___between two or more variables and to make predictions about status on one or more criteria based on status on one or more____.

Answer 1

association; predcitors

Question 2

A scattergram is a picture of the relationship between two variables. The wider the scatter of data points in the scattergram, the___the correlation between the variables.

Answer 2

lower

Question 3

A correlation coefficient is a number that indicates the average degree of association between variables.The Pearson r and coefficients derived from it range in value from___.

Answer 3

-1 to +1

Question 4

The magnitude of the coefficient indicates the___of the relationship; the sign indicates its___.

Answer 4

strength; direction

Question 5

Use of the Pearson r is based on 3 assumptions: First, theremust be a___relationship between variables; second there must be an__range of scores on both variables; and third there must be___,or the same range of Y scores at every value of X.

Answer 5

linear; unrestricted; homoscedasticity

Question 6

A correlation cannot be interpreted as evidence of a(n)__relationship between X and Y but can be interpreted in terms of shared variability. This is done by___the correlation coefficient. For example, if the correlation between variables is.30 this means that___% of variability in Y is explained by variability in X.

Answer 6

causal; squaring; 9%

Question 7

Regression analysis is the technique that makes it possible to use a predictor(X)score to predict or estimate a___(Y) score. An assumption underlying the use of regression analysis is that the relationship between X and Y can be described by a ______.

Answer 7

criterion; straight line

Question 8

The position of the regression line in a scattergram is identified using the___criterion which locates the regression line so that error in prediction is minimized.

Answer 8

least squares

Question 9

Multivariate techniques are used to assess the degree of association among three or more variables. Multiple regression analysis yields a___coefficient (R) and a ___equation and is used when two or more___predictors will be used to predict status on a single___criterion.

Answer 9

multiple correlation; multiple regression;continuous or discrete; continous

Question 10

To be most useful, the predictors included inthe multipleregression equation should have____correlations with each other and a___correlation with the criterion.

Answer 10

low; high

Question 11

When predictors have high correlations with each other, this condition is referred to as___.

Answer 11

multicollinearity

Question 12

One type of multiple regression, stepwise regression,involves adding or subtracting predictors one at a time with the decision to ass or subtract a predictor being based on the size of____.

Answer 12

R-squared

Question 13

When a multiple regression equation is crossvalidated, the multiple correlation coefficient tends to___.

Answer 13

shrink

Question 14

When an investigator’s goal is to use several predictors to classify an individual into a category or group and the relationships between variables arelinear the appropriate multivariate technique is___.

Answer 14

discriminant function analysis

Question 15

If any of the relationships are nonlinear,___can be used.

Answer 15

logistic regression

Question 16

____is the appropriate technique when a set of continuous predictors will be used to predict status on a set of continous criteria.

Answer 16

canonical correlation

Question 17

Path analysis and LISREL are multivariate technique that were developed speciifically to test the veracity of a predefined theory about the___relationships among a set of variables. In contrast to path analysis, LISREL provides information on the relationships between both observed variables and the___those variables are believed to measure.

Answer 17

causal; latent traits