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Research methods > Validity > Flashcards

Validity Flashcards

1
Q

internal/ experimental validity

A
  • concerns the legitimacy + what is being measured in the actual study
  • the extent to which a test study is investigating the effect of the IV on the DV
  • researcher must make sure they are measuring what they intend to measure
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2
Q

factors that reduce internal/ experimental validity

A
  • investigator effects
  • demand characteristics
  • confounding variables
  • social desirability bias
  • lack of operationalisation
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3
Q

investigator effects

A

the influence/ bias of the investigator on the study
- unintentional effect on participants + outcome of research

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4
Q

demand characteristics

A

when parts know the aim of the study and change their behaviour to affect the outcome - comply or ‘screw you’ effect

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5
Q

confounding variables

A

variables that have affected the DV apart from the IV

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6
Q

social desirability bias

A

when participants change their behaviour to be seen as socially desirable/ likeable/ not be judged
- affect DV + results gained

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7
Q

lack of operationalisation

A

not operationalised properly can result in low internal validity

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8
Q

ways of assessing internal validity

A
  • concurrent validity
  • face validity
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9
Q

assessing internal validity - concurrent validity

A
  • way of establishing the internal validity of a new test
  • scores gained from new test can be compared against an older, established test = validity is known
  • if scores from both tests are similar and a positive correlation coefficient of +0.8 or greater is found, then the new test is judged as having high internal validity
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10
Q

assessing internal validity - face validity

A
  • way to measure whether the test or measuring instrument is measuring what it should e.g. a questionnaire
  • One or more researchers/experts in the field can examine the test items/questions to see whether they are measuring what it set out to
  • do this by looking at the questions on a questionnaire and seeing, “on the face of it” whether the questions appear to be measuring what they should.
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11
Q

ways of improving internal validity

A
  • concurrent validity
  • face validity
  • reducing investigator effects
  • reduce demand characteristics
  • confounding variables
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12
Q

improving internal validity - concurrent validity

A
  • Concurrent validity can be improved (depending on the research method used)
  • For instance if low concurrent validity is found on a questionnaire, then the researcher could remove questions that seem irrelevant or ambiguous
  • then test the concurrent validity again
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13
Q

improving internal validity - face validity

A
  • Face validity can be improved (for a questionnaire) by an expert in the field examining all of the questions on the questionnaire
  • They might decide that some of the questions are not a good measure of the topic being investigated
  • e.g. IQ, and they then might improve/rewrite/re-word certain questions again
  • helps improve face validity.
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14
Q

improving internal validity - reduce investigator effects

A
  • double blind procedure
  • standardised instructions
  • remove researcher so they’re not with parts at all = self administered
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15
Q

improving internal validity - reduce demand characteristics

A
  • double blind procedure
  • single blind procedure
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16
Q

improving internal validity - confounding variables

A
  • lab experiment
  • pilot study = change for actual procedure
  • standardised procedure/ instructions
17
Q

external validity

A

refers to factors outside of the research setting
- how well can the results be gained be generalised to other settings, people + time eras

18
Q

types of external validity

A
  • ecological validity
  • temporal validity
19
Q

ecological validity

A

able to generalise findings to other contexts/ settings
- if it has mundane realism = reflects real life
= increases ecological validity

20
Q

temporal validity

A

the findings are true over a period of time + can be generalised to other historical time eras

21
Q

ways of assessing external validity

A
  • meta analysis
  • ecological validity
  • mundane realism
  • demand characteristics
22
Q

assessing external validity - meta analysis

A
  • meta analysis conducted = comparison of findings from diff research studies that have investigated the same hypothesis, are compared
  • consistent findings from diff research studies that have occurred across population, locations + periods of time = high ecological validity
23
Q

assessing external validity - ecological validity

A
  • environment should be naturalistic so there is high ecological validity
  • a laboratory study might have low ecological validity cus the setting is not very natural + quite artificial
24
Q

assessing external validity - mundane realism

A
  • assess how the DV is measured
  • task parts are given to do in the study + way its measured can affect the external validity
  • task should have high mundane realism + should reflect a task that someone would do in everyday real life
25
Q

assessing external validity - demand characteristics

A
  • ensure that demand characteristics have been kept to a minimum
  • by assessing how naturalistic the parts are behaving
  • parts should not be aware of the true aim of the study = will change their behaviour + big effect on DV = low validity
26
Q

ways of improving external validity

A
  • demand characteristics reduced = double/ single blind procedure
  • ecological validity improved = type of experiment and/ or observation
27
Q

improving external validity - reducing demand characteristics

A
  • demand characteristics reduced = improve external validity
  • done using double blind/ single blind procedure
28
Q

improving external validity - naturalistic settings

A
  • naturalistic settings = improve ecological validity
  • lab experiment can be carried out in more natural setting e.g. field experiment
  • e.g. observation can be carried out in a covert manner instead
  • these ensure parts behave more naturally + improve eco validity

Research methods (22 decks)

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