Sef-report Techniques

Question 1

Define self-report techniques

Answer 1

Self-report tecmiques are research methods in which participsnts give information about themselves wihout resewrcher interference

Question 2

What are interviews?

Answer 2

Interviews involve researchers asking questions in face-to-face situations

Question 3

What are the tyree types of interviews?

Answer 3

• structured interviews
• unstructured interviews
• semi-structured interviews

Question 4

What are structured interviews?

Answer 4

All participants are asked the same questions in the same order

Provides quantitative dafa (experesed/ counted numerically)
Usually combines closed questions = restricted answers (yes, no, i dont know)

Question 5

What are the ads of structured interviews?

Answer 5

• if parts misundersrand a question, this can be clarified in an interview so that the question can be repeated + clarified tk help aid understanding
• structured interviews are usually quite quick compared to unstructured = consist of closed questions that require a quick yes or no answer which is less rime consukinv than conducting an unstructured interview

Question 6

What are the disads of structured interviews?

Answer 6

• there id s risk if interviewer effect (when the interviewer may insdvertently affect responder’s answers) = can be unintentional (maybe resuklt of interviewer’s appearance, manner or gender) = affect data dollected = invalid
• structured interviews lack qualitative + in depth data = answers are restrictive and factual, but lack meaning + depth = results may be invalid + not accurately measuring key variables stated in aim

Question 7

What is an unstructured interview?

Answer 7

An informal in-depth conversational een the interviewer + interview

• q’s not pre-planned (but consist of themes wsnt to discuss)
• provides qualitative data (non-numerical data = description)
• consists of open questions that require in deoth answers about opinions

Question 8

What is an ad of unstructured interviews?

Answer 8

• very useful wirh investigating sensitive or controversial topics = maybe better than questionnaires + allownfrim probing info to gain a real understanding of topic being investigated

Question 9

What are the disads of unstructured interviews?

Answer 9

• risk of social desirability (ppl lie to present themselves in a positive light) = results may not be valid or accurate
• interviewers need to be well trainer in order to accurately conduct an unstructured interview + to gain relevant data = can be time consuming + expensive in order to ensure correct training is carried out

Question 10

What is a semi-structured interview?

Answer 10

Contains a mixture of structured + unstructured techniques = producing both qualitiatuve + quantitaive dara

• consists of both closed + open questions
• some q’s pre-planned and some themes discussed later on

Question 11

What are the ads of semi-structured ubterviews?

Answer 11

• answers aren’t restricted = there id both dtructure to questiojsn+ chance to expand
• provides both quantitative (increased reliability) + qualitative data (increased validity)

Question 12

What are the disads of semi-structured interviews?

Answer 12

• risk of social desirability so results may be invalid
• answers may be off topic
• the interviewer needs time management skills + to be well trained = time consuming + expensive
• with qualitative data, it may be hard to compare answers + analyse

Question 13

What are questionnaires?

Answer 13

Parts are given a written set of questions + instructures about how to record answers to series of quesyions = mainly focus on individual + can be self-administered, delibered by post, face-tp-face, internet.

Question 14

What are the things we need to be careful of when designing questionnaires?

Answer 14

• type of data (qualitiate = open OR quantiative = closed)
• ambiguity (avoid q’s + answers which aren’t defined)
• double barrelled questions (person may choose to answer each part differently)
• leading questions (phrased in a certain way to get a certain answer)
• complexity (use clear english for q’s + avoid jargon)

Ambiguity may be most important = part can easily get confused + can sway answer = lead to invalid data = less accurate

Question 15

What are the ads of questionnaires?

Answer 15

• they’re quick, easy + relatively cheap = possible to have large sample + collect large amounts of data
• very easy to replicate = very reliable (same results found if repeated)

Question 16

What are the disads of questionnaires?

Answer 16

• questions can be ambiguous + wording might not be clear = if not explained, then misunderstood by part = lead to invalid data
• can have low response rate, especialky if sent by post + need to be returned = parts may forget to answer or left unanswered