Vaccines Information Flashcards
active immunity definition
body response to exposure of pathogen leading to long term protective response…active live vaccine
passive immunity definition
transfer of pre formed antibodies to an individual
passive immunization information
short lived antibodies given when immediate protection is needed and host isnt able to make adequate response or when there is not an active immunity inducing vaccination
polyclonal antibody passive immunization
pooled from blood samples, will recognize many epitopes
monoclonal antibody passive immunization
not blood borne, only recognizes one epitope
Rabies immune globulin
blood product of passive immunity antibodies against rabies, given when needed after potential exposure
give one dose at wound sit and one proximal to site
rabies vaccine
also given in the case of a bite, so you start developing the adaptive immune response….this requires a booster and is not common standard of care or given prior to exposure
have to double with rabies immune globulin to make sure antibodies are there right away
Will vaccines work with a patient with no B cells?
the patient cannot make the B cell response and own antibodies…so will need to give passive immunity vaccinations
RSV monoclonal antibody preparation
usually given to premature infants who are at high risk of suffering greatly from RSV infections
Monthly injection to prevent the RSV infections
New names for Rh+ and Rh- in blood typing
D+ and D-
5 Different uses of passive immunizations?
protections against toxins like tetanus, venom
Rho-Gam
IVIG
hyperimmune globulins against specific viral antigens
Monoclonal antibodies like for RSV in premies
Hep B use passive and active?
do give both passive and active immunity and is because there is a high chance of transmission from mother to child
Can you give immunizations during pregnancy to protect a child?
debatable…but common for pertussis
tetanus and dptheria boosters too
What is used in an attenuated live vaccine?
a non-virulent organism is in the vaccine
inactivated viral vaccines efficacy and examples
only effective for short term
polio, influenza, rabies
attenuated live viral vaccines efficacy and examples
long term protection, but sometimes need boosters
MMR, chickenpox, rotavirus, live influenza nasal mist, oral polio
attenuated bacterial vaccine example
BCG for TB, not in USA
attenuated vaccine advantage?
make antibodies and infect some cells to induce the cytotoxic T cell response as well
toxoid vaccine examples
tetanus and diptheria
toxoid organisms and vaccine?
organisms that make a toxin that causes the problem in the host
vaccine uses a chemically inactivated toxin
purified polysaccharide antigens vaccines
Only stimulates a B cell response, so only IgM antibodies due to no class switching
most effective if given with protein to help this problem
conjugate vaccines
polysaccharide antigens given with peptides so they can stimulate T cell response too with the B cell response
conjugate vaccines example
Haemophilus influenza type B is chemically conjugated to the tetanus toxoid
synthetic recombinant antigen vaccine products
amino acid polymers, larger peptide, or entire protein
low CTL response with these
synthetic recombinant antigen vaccine example
Hepatitis B vaccine is a synthetically produced vaccine
How to know if someone is infected or vaccinated with Hep B?
if vaccinated will only respond to one epitope from the synthetic vaccine but if infected will respond to many epitopes
combination vaccines and an example
put a bunch of viral particles into one shot…
pentavalent vaccine has diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, hep B, and haemophilus influenza B in it…
combination vaccines risk
the different viral particles can interfere with immune response to each other
adjuvants definition and examples
substance added to vaccine to make the immune response better
aluminum salts are common…cause redness and pain
diluent in vaccines
water or saline
stabilizers in vaccines and examples
maintains vaccine potency
monosodium glutamate, albumin, phenols, gelatin, glycine
preservative in a vaccine
thimerosal
can antibiotic be in a vaccine?
yes
conditions for consistently effective vaccine
microorganisms that are limited to human hosts with invariant surface structures
smallpox
conditions for less effective vaccine
microorganisms that have animal reservoir and exhibit diversity in surface structure
influenza
older adult main vaccines
boosters for kid vaccines
polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine and zoster shingles vaccine
Thimerosal and autism
this contains mercury and is a preservative of vaccines…but many think it may be linked to being a causative agent of ASD
most current vaccines do not have thimerosal
Measles presentation and spreading
cold symptoms to start..tricky
then get conjuctivitis rash and cold symptoms with bad cough and fever
big risk because it spreads in airborne particles for two hours
