Modifiers of Immune System

Question 1

protein energy malnutrition types

Answer 1

kwashiorkor and marasmus energy deficiency

Question 2

kwashiorkor insufficient protein symptoms

Answer 2

leads to edema and bloating

Question 3

marasmus energy deficiency symptoms

Answer 3

acute wasting

Question 4

dual burden of nutritional problems

Answer 4

classic issues of undernutrition versus the emerging issue of over nutrition

Question 5

synergism of malnutrition and infection

Answer 5

low nutrients leads to higher susceptibility of infection and then infection causes you to use more nutrients when you are having a fever and dairrhea vomiting etc.

Question 6

Protein Energy Malnutrition cell effects

Answer 6

reduces epithelial and physiological barriers as wel as function of macrophages and neutrophils and NK cells

Question 7

What immune cells need Iron to function?

Answer 7

macrophages and neutrophils need for enzyme pathways

Question 8

What cytokines need iron?

Answer 8

pr inflammatory cytokines like TNF and IL6

Question 9

Effects of low iron on lymphocytes?

Answer 9

inhibits the proliferations of T cells, also B cells but not as much

Thymic function is diminished

Question 10

Hepcidins role with Iron

Answer 10

Hepcidin helps iron enter into macrophages form the blood stream…makes them survive

decreases serum iron by pushing into macrophages and decreases dietary iron absorption during infection

Question 11

Problems with iron in excess amount?

Answer 11

pathogens/microbes love iron and therefore if you have too much microbes may proliferate

Question 12

vitamin A deficiency problem

Answer 12

skews immune system to a Th1 response and reduces Th2 responses

Question 13

why is vitamin A supplementation beneficial?

Answer 13

it can reverse the issues with vitamin a deficiency

helps reduce morbidity and mortality from measles and diarrhea

Question 14

role of obesity in immunity

Answer 14

often leads to chronic inflammation due to increases in TNF and pro inflamm cytokines

reduces T cell diversity because induces thymic aging

cytokines reduced so not as goof active immune response

Question 15

obesity linkage to influenza?

Answer 15

is a risk factor for influenza and death due to cytokine reduction and less T cell diversity

Question 16

stages of B cell production in fetus

Answer 16

9-10 weeks have precursors in liver
12-14 weeks have pre B cells
16-17 weeks have a lot in spleen blood and bone marrow
20-30 B cells start secreting antibodies

Question 17

stages of T cell production in fetus

Answer 17

5-6 weeks have precursors in liver
9-10 weeks have precursors in thymus
12-14 weeks have cd4 and cd8 in liver and spleen
16-17 weeks have T cells in blood and lymphoid
20-30 weeks have increase in T lymphocyts secreting cytokines

Question 18

IgG stages in fetal development

Answer 18

start transfer at 12-14 weeks

gradual increase at 20-30 weeks

Question 19

How does maternal IgG inhibit fetal immunity?

Answer 19

sometimes it can bind pathogens too well, preventing humoral immunity from acting on the pathogen and developing memory

Question 20

Levels of IgG through pregnancy and first year

Answer 20

really ramps up 4 months prior to term, peaks before birth and at birth it is decreasing…then around 5-6 months the maternal IgG should be gone, at same time you start to make your own

Question 21

IL-12 levels in neonates and effects of levels

Answer 21

extremely low, so Th1 pathway not stimulated

Question 22

IL-6, IL-1, IL-10, IL-13 levels in neonates

Answer 22

these are all higher to induce active inflammation and also activates the Th2 and Th17 pathways

Question 23

Why is cell mediated immunit impaired in neonates?

Answer 23

co stimulatory molecules are sparse, so difficult to mount an attack

Question 24

When do IgG, IgM, IgA and lymphocytes reach adult levels?

Answer 24

IgG IgM and lymphocytes all around age 6

IgA is slower than these

Question 25

Primary hallmarks of aging

Answer 25

genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations and loss of proteostasis

these are the instigators of cellular damage

Question 26

antagonistic hallmarks of aging

Answer 26

deregulate nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence

these are in charge of countering the cellular damage but if going on too much are hurtful

Question 27

integrative hallmarks of aging

Answer 27

stem cell exhaustion and altered cellular communication

when damage from primary and antagonistic cannot be overcome….this is the phenotype of aging

Question 28

B and T cell production in elderly

Answer 28

it becomes lower, and they have diminished function of mature secondary lymphocytes

Question 29

primary cause of low T cells in adults

Answer 29

involution of the thymus

Question 30

more effector/memory T cells or more naive T cells in elderly?

Answer 30

more memory T cells due to involuted thymus and not as much maturation

Question 31

issue with CD4 in elderly causes what?

Answer 31

CD4 cells are lower and cannot help stimulate important humoral responses with B cells anymore

Question 32

antibody changes with age?

Answer 32

quantity and quality is reduced

Question 33

B cell changes in elderly?

Answer 33

reduced function and blunted vaccine responses

Question 34

CD4 T cell changes in elderly?

Answer 34

reduced function and IL2 production

dampened costimulation

Question 35

CD8 cell changes in elderly?

Answer 35

narrowing of cell repertoire and more memory cells

Question 36

TLR changes in the elderly?

Answer 36

TLR 789 are all altered in the elderly

Question 37

aging affect on macrophages?

Answer 37

decreases their efficacy and function

reduced expression of MHC class II

Question 38

aging affect on neutrophils?

Answer 38

impairs function

Question 39

aging affect on dendritic cells?

Answer 39

impairs ability of costimulation

Question 40

aging affect on NK cells?

Answer 40

decreases cytotoxicity