Modifiers of Immune System Flashcards
protein energy malnutrition types
kwashiorkor and marasmus energy deficiency
kwashiorkor insufficient protein symptoms
leads to edema and bloating
marasmus energy deficiency symptoms
acute wasting
dual burden of nutritional problems
classic issues of undernutrition versus the emerging issue of over nutrition
synergism of malnutrition and infection
low nutrients leads to higher susceptibility of infection and then infection causes you to use more nutrients when you are having a fever and dairrhea vomiting etc.
Protein Energy Malnutrition cell effects
reduces epithelial and physiological barriers as wel as function of macrophages and neutrophils and NK cells
What immune cells need Iron to function?
macrophages and neutrophils need for enzyme pathways
What cytokines need iron?
pr inflammatory cytokines like TNF and IL6
Effects of low iron on lymphocytes?
inhibits the proliferations of T cells, also B cells but not as much
Thymic function is diminished
Hepcidins role with Iron
Hepcidin helps iron enter into macrophages form the blood stream…makes them survive
decreases serum iron by pushing into macrophages and decreases dietary iron absorption during infection
Problems with iron in excess amount?
pathogens/microbes love iron and therefore if you have too much microbes may proliferate
vitamin A deficiency problem
skews immune system to a Th1 response and reduces Th2 responses
why is vitamin A supplementation beneficial?
it can reverse the issues with vitamin a deficiency
helps reduce morbidity and mortality from measles and diarrhea
role of obesity in immunity
often leads to chronic inflammation due to increases in TNF and pro inflamm cytokines
reduces T cell diversity because induces thymic aging
cytokines reduced so not as goof active immune response
obesity linkage to influenza?
is a risk factor for influenza and death due to cytokine reduction and less T cell diversity
stages of B cell production in fetus
9-10 weeks have precursors in liver
12-14 weeks have pre B cells
16-17 weeks have a lot in spleen blood and bone marrow
20-30 B cells start secreting antibodies
stages of T cell production in fetus
5-6 weeks have precursors in liver
9-10 weeks have precursors in thymus
12-14 weeks have cd4 and cd8 in liver and spleen
16-17 weeks have T cells in blood and lymphoid
20-30 weeks have increase in T lymphocyts secreting cytokines
IgG stages in fetal development
start transfer at 12-14 weeks
gradual increase at 20-30 weeks
How does maternal IgG inhibit fetal immunity?
sometimes it can bind pathogens too well, preventing humoral immunity from acting on the pathogen and developing memory
Levels of IgG through pregnancy and first year
really ramps up 4 months prior to term, peaks before birth and at birth it is decreasing…then around 5-6 months the maternal IgG should be gone, at same time you start to make your own
IL-12 levels in neonates and effects of levels
extremely low, so Th1 pathway not stimulated
IL-6, IL-1, IL-10, IL-13 levels in neonates
these are all higher to induce active inflammation and also activates the Th2 and Th17 pathways
Why is cell mediated immunit impaired in neonates?
co stimulatory molecules are sparse, so difficult to mount an attack
When do IgG, IgM, IgA and lymphocytes reach adult levels?
IgG IgM and lymphocytes all around age 6
IgA is slower than these
Primary hallmarks of aging
genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations and loss of proteostasis
these are the instigators of cellular damage
antagonistic hallmarks of aging
deregulate nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence
these are in charge of countering the cellular damage but if going on too much are hurtful
integrative hallmarks of aging
stem cell exhaustion and altered cellular communication
when damage from primary and antagonistic cannot be overcome….this is the phenotype of aging
B and T cell production in elderly
it becomes lower, and they have diminished function of mature secondary lymphocytes
primary cause of low T cells in adults
involution of the thymus
more effector/memory T cells or more naive T cells in elderly?
more memory T cells due to involuted thymus and not as much maturation
issue with CD4 in elderly causes what?
CD4 cells are lower and cannot help stimulate important humoral responses with B cells anymore
antibody changes with age?
quantity and quality is reduced
B cell changes in elderly?
reduced function and blunted vaccine responses
CD4 T cell changes in elderly?
reduced function and IL2 production
dampened costimulation
CD8 cell changes in elderly?
narrowing of cell repertoire and more memory cells
TLR changes in the elderly?
TLR 789 are all altered in the elderly
aging affect on macrophages?
decreases their efficacy and function
reduced expression of MHC class II
aging affect on neutrophils?
impairs function
aging affect on dendritic cells?
impairs ability of costimulation
aging affect on NK cells?
decreases cytotoxicity
