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Immunity > Vaccines and Immunotherapy > Flashcards

Vaccines and Immunotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Immunity that is given by transferring anitbodies from an outside source

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2
Q

Active immunity

A

Immuniy is given by the production of antibodies and memory cells by own adaptive immune response

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3
Q

What is natural immunity

A

Its immunity given without any medical intervention

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4
Q

Artifical immunity

A

Artifical immunity is given by medical intervention

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5
Q

Whats passive artifical immunity

A

When you get antibdoies from an external source via medical intervention

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6
Q

Whats active artifical immunity

A

When antgens for a particular infectious agent is given to a individual to cause a specific adaptive immune response.

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7
Q

Read carefully before you rush to answer

What is the differnece between PASSIVE immunity and ACTIVE immunity

A

Passive immunity provides a fast protection against a particular infection whereas Active immunity takes a longer time to produce antibdoies as it needs to undergo an immune response however lasts longer due to the production of memory cells.

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8
Q

How does Vaccines induce artifical active immunity

A

Done by injecting a modified form of a pathogen into the blood stream, the body therefore reacts by initiating a primary adaptive immune response and generate memory cells and antibodies specific against the pathogen.

So when it is exposed to the actual pathogen, the memory cells will trigger an SECONDARY immune response which is FASTER and STRONGER

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9
Q

Why do you need modified form of a pathogen

A

It prevents the individual from developing the disease

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10
Q

What are the types of vaccines

A
  1. Live attenuated vaccines ( living pathogen that has been weakend, antigen has not changed)
  2. Inactivated vaccines ( dead pathogens)
  3. mRNA vaccines ( inject mRNA coding for the antigen into the body, own cells will make the antigens and start circulating around the body)
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11
Q

Is taking one injection enough?

A

No as you need mutliple shots to gain stronger immunlogical responses.

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12
Q

Why you need booster vaccines

A

After a long time, memeory T and B cells may die, so another shot is rewuired to enhance and prolong immunity

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13
Q

What is the typcal Vaccine question answer

A
  1. Vaccine is taken up by the body via injection
  2. Talk about breifly the steps of Clonal selection
  3. Clonal expansion
  4. Diferentiation
  5. The production of B memory or T memory cells and antibodies for long term immunity
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14
Q

What is vaccination programs

A

A series of vaccinations implemented throughout a population to gain long term immunity to a dosease and herd immunity.

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15
Q

What is herd Immunity

A

When a high percentage of the population has immunity to a disease which makes the population resistnat to infection and spread of a pathogen, as not many people can be infected.

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16
Q

Why cant some poeple get herd immunity

A

Old niggas, young people, or immunocompromised

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17
Q

What kind of diseases does herd immunity apply to?

A

ONLY CONTAGIOUS diseases

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18
Q

What are autoimmune dieseases

A

Autoimmune diseases are when the body produces autoantibodies that attack the body’s own cells and Autoreactive helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells recognise self tissue as non self.

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19
Q

What is an allergy

A

Is when the immune system overreacts to a harmless foreign antigens

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20
Q

What is an allergic response then tf is allergens

A

When reacted is the allergic response, and the SUBSTANCE is the allergens.

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21
Q

Does an allergic response include innate or adaptive immune response

A

BOTH

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22
Q

What do you call a person who is allergic

A

Sentisised person

23
Q

How do allegens enter the body?

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Ingestion
  3. Contact
  4. Injection
24
Q

What happens in the inital exposure of allergic reactions

A

IgE antibdoies are produced against the allergen

25
Q

What is the typw of response is inital exposure to allergen

A

Its a type of humoral response

26
Q

What are the steps of an alergc reaction

A
  1. Allergen is recognised as “non-self” upon first exposure
  2. Innate immune isytem is activated and the adaptive immune system is actiavated B plasma cells overproduce IgE antibodies
  3. IgE antibdoies attatch to mast cells, now the mast cells are primed and the person is now sensitised
  4. Second exposure to the allergen causes mast cells to activate and release lots of histamine
  5. Inflammatory response is activated
27
Q

How do you prevent allergies

A
  1. Avoid the allergen
  2. Manage symptoms by using ventolin for asthma and epipen for anaphalaxis response
  3. Allergic responses reduced by taking antihistamines
28
Q

How do antihistamines reduce allergic responses

A

They bind to histamine receptors in the body and prevent histamine from being released from mast cells

29
Q

What is a cancer

A

A disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation and growth

30
Q

What is it called when the immune system constantly scannes for mutations and errors in cells that could lead to cancers?

A

Immunosurveilence

31
Q

Other than when cancer cells hide from immunosurveilience what helps distingusish host cancer cells from normal, healthy cells for easy recognition

A

Cancer antigens or Tumour associated antigens (TAA)

32
Q

If TAAs help distingusih cancer cells from normal, why tf do we get cancer

A

Cancer cells are genetically unstable and radnomly produce variants with properties that hides TAAs from immunosurveilence

33
Q

What does do the vairant cancer cells that hide from immunosurveilence become?

A

resistant tumour cells will develop into a clinnically apparent tumour.

34
Q

What is immunotherapy

A

Immunotherapy refers to medical treatment that is used to fight diseases by either amyplyfing or supressing an immune response

35
Q

What is activation immunotherapy used to treat and what is supression immuno theraphy used to treat

A

Activation is used to treat cancers and supression is used to treat autoimmune diseases

36
Q

What is monoclonal antibodies

A

Synthetic antibodies produced by hybridoma to bind to specific antigens that are used in immunotheraphy strategies

37
Q

What are steps of making monoclonal antibodies

A

1.Mice are immunised with the tumour associated antigen from a specfic cancer cells
2.The animal will produce an antibody immune response and the specific B lymphocyte to the cancer antigen is removed from the spleen.
3.The Specific B lymphocyte is then fused with myleoma cells in a cell culture
4.The cells that have succesfully fused are called hybridoma and will produce antibodies specific to the TAA.
5.Hybridomas are then cloned and the specific antibodies are collected and purified

38
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are used for activation or supression immunotheraphy?

A

Both

39
Q

What are the types of monoclonal AB

A

Naked monoclonal and Conjugated monoclonal antibodies

40
Q

So how do types of Naked monoclonal antibodies act on cancer cells

A
  1. Some naked mabs block the growtth of blood vessels to tumours by binding to a growth facotr released by cancer cells therefore restritcitng blood supply
  2. Some bind to the antigens of cancer cells and act as markers, signalling the immune system( such as Natural killer cells and complement protiens) to elimate the cell.
  3. Some block signals for cell division ,isolating the cancerous cell.
41
Q

How are conjugated monoclonal antibodies used

A

They are joined to a secondary drug (chemotherapy drug or radioactive molecule)
which then is used to transport the molecule to the cancer cell.

42
Q

What are some limitations to monoclonal antibody use for cancer

A
  1. Very expensive as i is specific to your cancer antigens
  2. If another mutation to the antigen then the monoclonal antibodies are useless
  3. Time consuming
  4. Antibodies penetrating into larger tumor masses is often low chance
  5. The antibodies are immunogenic , therefore can be attacked by immune system

immunogenic means it produces a immune response

43
Q

What is better for cancer, chemotherapy treatment or usage of conjugated monoclonal antibody? Why

A

Radiation and chemotherapy treatment is worse as it would attack rapidly diving cells and other non cancerous cells ( such as hair and immune cells) therefore leading to many side effects. Whereas monoclonal AB wont destroy healrhy cells as it is highly specific to the cancer antigen.

44
Q

What is better for autoimmune diseases, autoimmune disease treatments or usage of monoclonal antibodies? Why

A

Traditional autoimmune disease treatments often supress the entire immune system, this leads to immunodeficiency , causing patients to be vunerble to cancers and infections.

45
Q

What are the 2 ways mABs are used to supress the immune systems atack on self cells

A
  1. Cytokine inhibition
    2.B and T cell depletion and inhibtion
46
Q

What is cytokine inhibition

A

Monoclonal antibodies that bind to and inhibit cytokines from autoreactive cells can be used to reduce the immune response.

47
Q

B and T cell inhibiton and depletion explain

A

Monoclonal antibodies that bind to autoreactive B and T cells to either inhibit these cells or stimulate other immune cells to destroy them.

48
Q

What are autoreactive cells

A

The cells that recognise and act against self cells/tissues

49
Q

What happen in normal people compared to allergic people when encountring allergem

A

Normal people, pollen grains for example are too small to form cross links between IgR antibdoeis as they will likely bind to one AB than all so no histamine will be released,
whereas
Allergic people have a lot of specific IgE antibodies on mast cells, so they are much more likely to form cross links between IgE , thereofre triggering histamine release

50
Q

Why do allergic people even get allergic responses

A

Antibdoies IgE attatch to the surface of mast cells which they are designed to detect large pathogens enetring the body, an allergic reaction is caused by the overproduction of IgE antibodies.

51
Q

Whati is a cross link

A

When two IgE antibodies engage with the pathogen, releasing histamine from mast cell.

52
Q

What is an vaccine

A

A vaccine is a type of medcation that is administered into a patient to induce artifical active immunity by containing an modified form of an pathogen with its antigens to trigger an adaptive immune response without causing disease.

53
Q
A

Immunity (6 decks)

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