Public health

Question 1

What are infectious diseases

Answer 1

Its an illness caused by a pathogen that can be transmitted between individuals

Question 2

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What is emergin pathogens

Answer 2

An infectious diseases that is new to the human population or diseases that haven increased in incidence,virulence or geographical range

Question 3

What is re-emerging pathogens

Answer 3

Infectious diseases that was under controk before but now is increasing in incidence

Question 4

What is incidence

Answer 4

How many have the disease right now

Question 5

What factors should you consider when an emerging/reemerging disease is appeared

Answer 5

How contagious the pathogen is?
How virulent the pathogen is?

Contageous- how easy is transmission Virulence- how severe is the diseas

Question 6

What is zoonosis

Answer 6

A disease that transmits from another specicies of animal into a human

Question 7

What is the difference between pandemic vs epidemic vs endemic diseases

Answer 7

1. A pandemic- is an epidemic that has spread to different countries and/or continents
2. A epidemic- Sudden increase in disease cases among specific large population in a specific area
3. A endemic- is constantly present in the population or reigion with a relatively low spread ( eg, common flu)

Question 8

What is prevalence

Answer 8

how many people have had it before

Question 9

What are the factors that contribute to the emergence/ re emeergence of diseases

Answer 9

1. Evolution of pathogens: mutations allow pathogens to infect humans or mutations can make the pathogen more contagious/virulent
2. Globalisation: diseases are spread globally due to international travel. ( eg a disease non prevelant disease to australia can be introduced to australia
   3.** Increased exposure to animals**: Due to inceasing human population and climate changes, humans are more in contact with animals carrying the disease
3. Increased population: Causes more transmission rates
4. Insuffcient vaccination: some individuals may choose not vacinate- which therefore reduces herd immunity.

Question 10

What are the modes of transmission?

Answer 10

1. Airborne transmission
2. Droplet transmission
3. Direct physical contact
4. Indirect physical contact
5. Faeceal and oral transmission

for indirect could be vectors (mosquitoes) and for feeceal

it can be like contaminated water sources, dirty.

Question 11

What made the indefenous population drop

Answer 11

Because of the intorduction of new dieseas ( such as small pox, measelss, sphillis)

Question 12

Why were the indigenous population so heavily impacted

Answer 12

1. They did not have immunity against whereas europeans had access to medical care and immunological memory to it ( natural active immunity)
2. Indegenous poeople lacked knowledge and management of new diseases and were prevented from practicing indigenous medicine
   Lifestyle relation
3. Did not have acess to traditional food and they lived in socoities typically spread out and uncrowded but when colonised were brought together.

Question 13

What are the 4 categories teqniques to identify pathogens fall into?

Answer 13

1. Physical
2. Phenotypic traits
3. Immunological
4. Moleculer

Question 14

What is the physical pathogen identifcation teqniue

Answer 14

Taking a sample and visually observing the pathogen under a microscope to determine their structure.

Question 15

What is the phenotypic pathogen identifcation teqniue

Answer 15

1. Selective media- when you use an agar plate that is designed to allow certain pathogens to grow and multiply.
2. Gram staining- exposing bacteria to a series of staind ( gram pos+ - thick wall purple) ( gram neg- thin wall- pink)

Question 16

What is the Immunological pathogen identifcation teqniue

Answer 16

Serelogy- THe diagnosis of disease based of the presence of antibodies or antigens in a persons serum, an example of this is ELISA testing.

Question 17

What is the Molecular pathogen identifcation teqniue

Answer 17

1. Hybridisation detection- labelled segemtns of genetic material that is complementary to a pathogens genetic material is added to a sample, if signal is detected the pathogen can be identifiied.

so the usage of DNA and RNA to recognise the pathogen.

Question 18

difference between infectious and contagious diseases

Answer 18

infectious illnesses caused by the spread of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites) or prions whereas contagious illnesses are ifectious diseases that spread from person to person are said to be contagious.

Question 19

What is the order of chain of infection and what do the terms mean

Answer 19

Resovoir—> Mode of transmission—–> Suspctible host
Resoiver is the habitat where the pathogen lives,grows and multiplies
Transmission is the passing of a pathogen to another individual

Question 20

What are the prevention strategies

Answer 20

1. Hygine and sanitation
2. Acess to clean water and food
3. PPe ( gloves, masks, etc)
4. Antimicrobial agents( Disinfectants and Antiseptics)
5. Vaccinations (herd immunity)
6. Lockdowns

NOTE REMEMBER BE SPECIFIC TO THE QUESTION NOT ALL APPLY

Question 21

What is screening

Answer 21

Public healthy workers may test for the presence of a disease in a population to help identifiy which individuals are infected so they can target a resonse.
eg. Self screening, screening tests at GP

Question 22

Why should we focus on prevention before treatment

Answer 22

Because not all treatment will be effective and it saves much more time and resources to prevent than treat all individuals.

Question 23

What is quarantine and isolation

Answer 23

Its when someone is infected or come in contanct with an infectant, they are asked to seperate away from healthy individals to control and seperate the spread.

Question 24

How do we treat infected individals

Answer 24

Specific treatments, such as medication (antigbiotics and antivirals)

Question 25

What are antibiotics and how does it target “yk” cells

Answer 25

Medication that are selective to only target bacterial cells and not the cells of a patient.

1. Inhibits cell wall synthesis
2. Disrupts plasma membrane
3. Inhibit DNA/RNA synthsis
4. Inhibit metabolic pathways
5. Blocks ribsome subunits and inhibit protien syntehsis.

Remember like animal cells dont have cell walls

Question 26

What are antivirals and how does it target “yk” cells

Answer 26

Medication that is selective to only target viruses
They **DONT KILL VIRUSES **but stops one step of an virus life cycle.

Question 27

Why are the misuse and overuse of antibiotics are bad

Also say how it can be resisitent to antibiotics

Answer 27

Because some bacteria becomes naturally resistant to the drug and continues to replicate after application of antibiotics.
Impermiabile
Inactivation of anitbiotic
Modifying the shape of the protien targeted by antibiotic
Pumping out of the drug

Question 28

What does disenfectants mean compared to antiseptics

Answer 28

Disinfectants are substances applied to non-living surfaces to kill or slow growth of microorgansm wheras Antispecits are substances applied to living tissue to kill or slow growhth of microorganisms.

Question 29

Are all infectious diseases contagious

Answer 29

No, contagious means transfers from human to human. Lyme disease as example , tick to human stays with human.