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Immunity > Intro to immunity > Flashcards

Intro to immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Pathogens are causative agents of disease

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2
Q

What are pathogens classified into

A

Cellular and Non cellular

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3
Q

Give me a list of each cellluar and non cellular pathogens

A

Cellular
1. Bacteria
2. Protists
3. Fungi
4. Parasites
Non cellular
1. Viruses
2. Prions

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4
Q

Bacteria. explain about it a little

A

It is prokarytoic,
Unicellular THAT has NO nucleus but has DNA and no membrane bound organelles
Reproduces via binary fission and so can rapidly develop infection

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5
Q

How do bactria cause diseqse

A

They release toxins and enzymes which disrupt functioning of cells

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6
Q

Viruses aim and about them

A

They are not living
Viruses are composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protien coat. (Capsid)
They aim to cause diseases through the lysis of cells when infecting and replicating.
They reproduce by injecting genetic material into a host cells and using the cell to replicate continously.

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7
Q

What is it called when a virus is inside and outside a host cell

A

Inside: Virus
Outside:Virion

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8
Q

Does the virus infect any cells?

A

No, it recognises specific receptors on cell membrane

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9
Q

Fungi

A

They are unicelluar OR multicelluar
Eukaryotic organisms that contain long branch filaments Hyhae
They reproduce via forming spores
And they infect similarly to bacteria

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10
Q

Are fungis more common in aniamals or plants

A

Plants

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11
Q

What are protists

A

They are unicelluar eukarytoic organism
They live in the host and reproduce 2 ways ( binary and budding)

eg malaria

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12
Q

What 2 ways do protists reproduce:

A

Binary fission nd budding

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13
Q

What is a prion

A

An incorrectly folded protiens in the brain that can cause other normal protiens to unfold as well

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14
Q

Do prions contain genetic material

A

No, its just a protien, so nucleic acids

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15
Q

How do prions reproduce

A

By inducing other properly folded protiens to convert them into the diease causing prion form

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16
Q

What are parasites

A

They are eulkarytoic organisms and can live on or in a host

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17
Q

What are hte most common parasite and how to they reproduce

A

Worms, sexually ( egg larval) or asexually ( breaking off segments )

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18
Q

what are antigens?

A

Molecules or parts of a molecule that may trigger an specific immune response

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19
Q

How will the immune systwem interact or recoginse a molecule

A

By cellular signalling

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20
Q

What is a disease

A

Disease refers to imparied functioning of cells or processes in the body.

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21
Q

What different types of antigens can exists

A

RNA DNA Protiens sugrs

22
Q

Antigens are found on the surface of a pathogen?

A

Not always, they can be free floating

23
Q

What are the two types of antigens that the immune system uses tro recognise if its one of the gang or nah

A

Self antigens and non self antigens

24
Q

What are self antigens

A

They are antigens that are present on the surface of ALL self cells which allow the immune syustem to distinguish its self from non self antigens

25
Q

What are the MOST IMPORTANT self antigens

A

MHC protiens

26
Q

What are non self antigens

A

Non self antigens are from outside the body that is recognised as foreign material and initates a immune response

27
Q

What are MHC protiens

A

They are protiens found on the surface of cells which display antigens to other cells in the body to show whether the cell is healthy or not healthy.

28
Q

What are the two types of MHC protiens and explain

A

MHC class 1- They are found on all nucleated cells in the body ( it presents a little part of what the cell is making on the mhc clas 1, like its saying hey this is whars happening inside me)
MHC class 2- Only found on specialised immune cells ( note they will have both mhc 1 and 2)

29
Q

This isnt completely true for eveything but for VCAA what are the cells that display MHC 2 markers

A

Macrophages, dentritic cells, and B lymphocytes

30
Q

Do MHC 1 markers differ between individuals?

A

YUP

31
Q

What happens if the immune system cant drecoginse the antigen markers

A

It is therefore a non self antigen and then attacked

32
Q

WHat is called when self antigens are recognised incorrectlty as an non self

A

An autoimmune disease

33
Q

What is an autoimmune response

A

WHen immune response is produced against its own cells due to recgognising self cells as non self.

34
Q

But why tf does immune system mistake my self antigens

A

Autoimmune disorders may be triggered by infection , this is as the shape for a non self antigen from a pathogen could be similar in shape compared to a self antigen

35
Q

What happens when recognising non pathogenic **NON ** self antigens as pathogenic?

A

An allergic response.

36
Q

What is an allergic response

A

A specific type of immune respinse where the immune system overeacts to the antigen

37
Q

So blood cells dont have mhc markers so then what?

A

All blood cells instead have a H antigen and varying types of antigens on their red blood cell surface

38
Q

What are the differentt types of blood group is there and what type of antibody does it produce

A

Type A- red cell with a A antigen - produces ANTIbody B
Type B- red cell with a B antigen- produces ANTIbody A
Type AB-Red cell with A and B- doesnt produce any antibodies
Type O-Red cell wiht NO antigens- produces BOTH Antibody A and b

38
Q

What is the aim of the immune system?

A

To prevent diseases and stop the disease from being progessively worse.

39
Q

What are types of Immune syem and the lines of defence it dalls under

A

Innate system- First and second line of defence
Adaptive system- Third line of defence

40
Q

What is the first lline of defense

And the three types

A

It is mechanisms used to prevent pathogens from entering the organism

Physical, chemical and microbiological

41
Q

What is physical barriers

A

Solid or fluid that prevents the pathogen from entering animals / plants

42
Q

What are examples of physical barreirs in animals and plants

A

Animals- Intact skin
Mucus secretion and cilia
Plants- Closing of stomata
Waxy cuticles
Formation of galls
Thorns/ trichomes

43
Q

Why does intact skin prevent infection?

A

The outer layer of skin cells are layers of dead cells, therefore viruses on the skin can infect dead cells.

44
Q

Explain mucus scretion ands cilia

A

The lining of the airway secrete mucus which trap the bacteria, the lining of the airway have cilia on the surface which vibrate and push the pathogens into our throat to be vomited/coughed out or to be destroyed by stomach acid

45
Q

What is cehmical barriers

A

Toxins and enzymes produced that inhibit growth or destroy pathoens

46
Q

What are some chemical barriers in animals and plants

A

Animals
1.Enzymes that digest the protiens in bacterial walls found in sweat,tears,saliva
2.Stomach acid (low ph, strong acid kills many pathogens)
3.Antibacterial protiens in semen
Plants-
1.Produce chemicals which is toxic if ingested

47
Q

What is microbiota barriers

A

THe presence of normal flora that prevents the growth or spread of microorganisms that may be pathogenic by producing chemicals or due to competiton.

48
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

A non specific response that involves various cells and molecules that destroy pathogens rapidly

49
Q

What pathogens have a cell wall

A

Bacteria and Fungi

50
Q
A

Immunity (6 decks)

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