Vaccines - Ag Flashcards
Whole Ag inactivated vaccines
aka Killed, bacterin, or toxoid
*large mass of Ag and an adjuvant –> stimulates large IgG production
- need boosters (2+ doses)
- slower onset of immunity
- most safe in young and pregnant
- these don’t work well in immunosuppressed animals
Modified Live or Attenuated vaccines
Contain LIVING organisms!
- more complete and longer lasting immune response compared to inactivated vaccines
- only a single dose is required (+ annual boosters)
- Not recommended for use in preg animals. Lots of side effects from these vaccines
- Risk of reverting to a virulent form
What are “temperature sensitive” vaccines?
E.g. Intranasal vaccine
Its a subset of attenuated vaccines and the organism can only reproduce at the lower temps of the ocular or nasal mucosa
*considered safe for use in preg animals
Combination vaccines
Often used in livestock to reduce the number of injections req’d
- concern with inc diversity of Ags being delivered at once and the ability of the animal to respond
- also a greater risk of adverse reaction in some animals
Autogenous Vaccines
These can be manufactured when no current product exists or the current products aren’t providing protection.
- organisms isolated from sick animals –> grown in culture, killed, and mixed with an adjuvant
- use with caution
- typically more expensive
Endotoxin Rxns
Most commonly seen in dairy cattle following administration of Gram _ vaccines.
Anaphylactic Rxns - Type I HS
Mediated by IgE stimulation and release of granules from mast cells and basophils. This rxn is seen within minutes of vaccination and early signs are shaking and sweating.
Type III or Immune Complex HS
Mediated by attachment of Ab-Ag complex to complement and activation of complement cascade. Can be local or systemic. Signs similar to Type I HS.
Inflammatory Rxn
Local tissue rxns occur more frequently with inactivated vaccines (w/ adjuvant).
Local Injection Site Rxns
Most commonly due to adjuvant, dirty needles, or skin contamination
Immunosuppressed Animals
Avoid vaccinating these guys if possible as they won’t mount an adequate immune response or may develop illness from the vaccine
Clostridial spp (cattle)
Muscle - 4
1) Cl. chauvoei - Blackleg
2) Cl. septicum - Malignant edema
3) Cl. sordellii
4) Cl. tetani - Tetanus
Clostridial spp (cattle)
Liver - 2
1) Cl. novyi Type B - Blacks dz, necrotic hepatitis
2) Cl. novyi (haemolyticum) Type D - Bacillary hemoglobinuria, redwater
- may need twice yearly vaccination
- *only in 8 and 9 way
Clostridial spp (cattle)
GIT - 4
1) Cl. perfringens Type A - Hemorrhagic abomasitis and enteritis, abomasal tympany, abomasal ulcers, possible assoc with Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome
- alpha toxin only
- only vax that covers this is the Elanco Alpha Toxoid vaccine
2) Cl. perfringens Type B - Enterotoxemia, cross protection when vaccinated for Types C and D
- Beta and epsilon toxins
- Cl. perfringens Type C - Hemorrhagic enteritis. Primarily occurs in calves < 14 days of age so presence of Ab in milk is highly protective
- Beta toxin
4) Cl. perfringens Type D - Enterotoxemia, overeating dz, pulpy kidney dz. Causes both local enteric and systemic dz by damaging endothelial cells via epsilon toxin
- Epsilon toxin
- *Cross reactivity with Type B
- Type C and D +/- Type A are given
What two organisms does the 7 way not have?
Tetanus and Haemolyticum (redwater)
