vaccines

Question 1

what 3 things should you consider about vaccines for diseases

Answer 1

a) they were 1st discovered in 1976 by Edward jenner
b) jenner noted that milk maids who got cowpox rarely if ever came down with small pox
c) using cowpox he was able to produce a vaccine that has led to the world wide eradication of small pox

Question 2

what is a vaccine

Answer 2

it is a biologic product that contains an infectious agent or part of the infectious agent recognized by the animals immune system

Question 3

what is the difference between a vaccine and a bacterin

Answer 3

if the infectious agent is a virus the product is correctly called a vaccine, if the product contains bacterial components it is called a bacterin

Question 4

what 2 things should you consider about epitopes

Answer 4

a) epitopes are the specific parts of the antigen that the immune system responds to are extremely small parts
b) the immune system generally responds to many epitopes of a given vaccine

Question 5

what are adjuvants

Answer 5

they are chemicals used to enhance the immune response to antigens

Question 6

what 4 things should you consider about adjuvants

Answer 6

a) they include aluminium salts such as aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate and alum
b) they can be water in oil emulsions
c) they are bacterial fractions
d) they are complex carbohydrates

Question 7

what are the 2 things you should consider about the use of adjuvants

Answer 7

adjuvants are associated with adverse vaccine reaction fibrosarcomas and statistically speaking these reactions occur in 1 to 10000 animals, however this does little to calm the owner of that 1 of 10000 animal

Question 8

what 2 things should you consider about multivalent vaccines

Answer 8

these vaccines include distemper, adenovirus, parainfluenza, parvovirus and leptospirosis

Question 9

what 7 things should you consider about killed vaccines

Answer 9

a) complete inactivation
b) finite antigen mass at injection
c) little cellular or mucosal immunity
d) 2 doses are often needed
e) is stable and safe
f) destroy infectivity
g) less immunogenicity
h) requires an adjuvant

Question 10

what is a modified live virus

Answer 10

these vaccines contain modified living organisms which are no longer capable of causing disease

Question 11

what 6 things should you consider about modified live virus vaccines

Answer 11

a) risk of residual virulence or reversion
b) replication, amplify the antigen mass
c) humoral, cell mediated and mucosal immunity
d) single dose can be protective
e) handling and storage can destroy virulence
f) retains infectivity and immunogenicity

Question 12

what 2 things should you consider about live avirulent bacterins

Answer 12

a) rapid onset of local immunity with no maternal antibody interference
b) may be administered to dogs and cats younger than 8 weeks of age and as early as 2 weeks depending on product

Question 13

what 2 things should you consider about bacterial toxoids

Answer 13

a) product is devoid of live organism, implying greater safety
b) 2 doses within 4 weeks is usually required to provoke an immune response

Question 14

what are the 3 types of recombinant vaccines

Answer 14

vectored, gene-deleted and non infectious subunit

Question 15

what are vectored vaccines

Answer 15

vectored vaccines are genes from a pathogen that have been inserted into an attenuated transport mechanism

Question 16

what are gene deleted vaccines

Answer 16

gene deleted vaccines contain microorganisms from which pathogenic genes have been removed

Question 17

what are non infectious sub unit vaccines

Answer 17

non infectious sub unit vaccines contain only those structural components necessary to provoke a protective response

Question 18

what 2 thngs should you consider about recombinant vaccines

Answer 18

they have increased efficacy and safety testing results and contain no adjuvants making less reaction reported

Question 19

what are the 3 reasons a vaccine may fail

Answer 19

1. the vaccine was incorrectly administered leading the vaccine through an inappropriate route, causing the death of the live vaccine resulting in passive protection
2. the vaccine was correctly administered and the animal responds but the animal is already infected, is the wrong strain that is being treated and could also result in nonprotective antigens
3. the vaccine was correctly administered but the animal fails to respond leading to inadequate vaccine biological variation and could be a result of prior passive immunity or an immunosuppressed animal

Question 20

what is anaphylaxis

Answer 20

it is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction that will usually manifest within 1h post administration of the vaccine

Question 21

what are the 5 clinical signs of anaphylaxis

Answer 21

hives, facial swelling, respiratory distress, severe diarrhea, shock

Question 22

what 2 things should you consider about vaccine induced sarcomas

Answer 22

it is more common in feline and most often with the feline Rabies/leukemia vaccines

Question 23

what 3 things should you consider about injection sites

Answer 23

a) right shoulder avoiding midline as distal as possible for FVRCP
b) left rear limb as distally as possible for feline leukemia virus
c) right rear limb as distally as possible for rabies

Question 24

what should you consider about core vaccines

Answer 24

the use of them depends on the severity of the disease, transmissibility to other animals and the potentials for a particular infection to be zoonotic

Question 25

what should you consider about non core vaccines

Answer 25

these are recommended to clientele when a known or likely risk is anticipated or when an animals life style represents a reasonable risk following exposure to an infectious agent

Question 26

what are the 5 core vaccines and non core vaccines for canines

Answer 26

1. core vaccines are for distemper, adenovirus type 1 using type 2, parvovirus, parainfluenza and rabies
2. the non core vaccines are for Bordetella, leptospirosis, lyme, coronavirus and giardia

Question 27

what are the 5 core and non core vaccines for felines

Answer 27

1. the core vaccines are for viral rhinotracheitis, calcivirus, panleukopenia, and rabies
2. the non core vaccines are for feleuk, FIV, FIP, corona chlamydia and bordetella

Question 28

what should you consider about alternatives

Answer 28

owners concerns are usually about immune system overload and vaccine induced disease