vaccines Flashcards
what 3 things should you consider about vaccines for diseases
a) they were 1st discovered in 1976 by Edward jenner
b) jenner noted that milk maids who got cowpox rarely if ever came down with small pox
c) using cowpox he was able to produce a vaccine that has led to the world wide eradication of small pox
what is a vaccine
it is a biologic product that contains an infectious agent or part of the infectious agent recognized by the animals immune system
what is the difference between a vaccine and a bacterin
if the infectious agent is a virus the product is correctly called a vaccine, if the product contains bacterial components it is called a bacterin
what 2 things should you consider about epitopes
a) epitopes are the specific parts of the antigen that the immune system responds to are extremely small parts
b) the immune system generally responds to many epitopes of a given vaccine
what are adjuvants
they are chemicals used to enhance the immune response to antigens
what 4 things should you consider about adjuvants
a) they include aluminium salts such as aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate and alum
b) they can be water in oil emulsions
c) they are bacterial fractions
d) they are complex carbohydrates
what are the 2 things you should consider about the use of adjuvants
adjuvants are associated with adverse vaccine reaction fibrosarcomas and statistically speaking these reactions occur in 1 to 10000 animals, however this does little to calm the owner of that 1 of 10000 animal
what 2 things should you consider about multivalent vaccines
these vaccines include distemper, adenovirus, parainfluenza, parvovirus and leptospirosis
what 7 things should you consider about killed vaccines
a) complete inactivation
b) finite antigen mass at injection
c) little cellular or mucosal immunity
d) 2 doses are often needed
e) is stable and safe
f) destroy infectivity
g) less immunogenicity
h) requires an adjuvant
what is a modified live virus
these vaccines contain modified living organisms which are no longer capable of causing disease
what 6 things should you consider about modified live virus vaccines
a) risk of residual virulence or reversion
b) replication, amplify the antigen mass
c) humoral, cell mediated and mucosal immunity
d) single dose can be protective
e) handling and storage can destroy virulence
f) retains infectivity and immunogenicity
what 2 things should you consider about live avirulent bacterins
a) rapid onset of local immunity with no maternal antibody interference
b) may be administered to dogs and cats younger than 8 weeks of age and as early as 2 weeks depending on product
what 2 things should you consider about bacterial toxoids
a) product is devoid of live organism, implying greater safety
b) 2 doses within 4 weeks is usually required to provoke an immune response
what are the 3 types of recombinant vaccines
vectored, gene-deleted and non infectious subunit
what are vectored vaccines
vectored vaccines are genes from a pathogen that have been inserted into an attenuated transport mechanism
what are gene deleted vaccines
gene deleted vaccines contain microorganisms from which pathogenic genes have been removed
what are non infectious sub unit vaccines
non infectious sub unit vaccines contain only those structural components necessary to provoke a protective response
what 2 thngs should you consider about recombinant vaccines
they have increased efficacy and safety testing results and contain no adjuvants making less reaction reported
what are the 3 reasons a vaccine may fail
- the vaccine was incorrectly administered leading the vaccine through an inappropriate route, causing the death of the live vaccine resulting in passive protection
- the vaccine was correctly administered and the animal responds but the animal is already infected, is the wrong strain that is being treated and could also result in nonprotective antigens
- the vaccine was correctly administered but the animal fails to respond leading to inadequate vaccine biological variation and could be a result of prior passive immunity or an immunosuppressed animal
what is anaphylaxis
it is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction that will usually manifest within 1h post administration of the vaccine
what are the 5 clinical signs of anaphylaxis
hives, facial swelling, respiratory distress, severe diarrhea, shock
what 2 things should you consider about vaccine induced sarcomas
it is more common in feline and most often with the feline Rabies/leukemia vaccines
what 3 things should you consider about injection sites
a) right shoulder avoiding midline as distal as possible for FVRCP
b) left rear limb as distally as possible for feline leukemia virus
c) right rear limb as distally as possible for rabies
what should you consider about core vaccines
the use of them depends on the severity of the disease, transmissibility to other animals and the potentials for a particular infection to be zoonotic
what should you consider about non core vaccines
these are recommended to clientele when a known or likely risk is anticipated or when an animals life style represents a reasonable risk following exposure to an infectious agent
what are the 5 core vaccines and non core vaccines for canines
- core vaccines are for distemper, adenovirus type 1 using type 2, parvovirus, parainfluenza and rabies
- the non core vaccines are for Bordetella, leptospirosis, lyme, coronavirus and giardia
what are the 5 core and non core vaccines for felines
- the core vaccines are for viral rhinotracheitis, calcivirus, panleukopenia, and rabies
- the non core vaccines are for feleuk, FIV, FIP, corona chlamydia and bordetella
what should you consider about alternatives
owners concerns are usually about immune system overload and vaccine induced disease
