Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med200 > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what should you consider about the immune system

A

the immune system performs 2 vital functions that are critical for the maintenance of homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 2 functions of the immune system

A

a) inducing an effective and safe response against foreign antigens
b) avoiding a response to components of self antigens by enforcing stringent regulatory controls over dangerous self reactive cells that are capable of mounting devastating immune attacks on self tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

antigen

A

antigens are substances that can mobilize the immune system, leading to an immune response. most often antigens are large molecules that are not normally present in the body and they are the ultimate target of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

antibody

A

antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and are soluble proteins secreted by activated b cells or plasma cells in response to exposure to an antigen. antibodies are also capable of binding with high specificity to that antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 2 categories of antigens?

A

a) infectious/microbial antigens includes bacteria, virak, protozoal and helminths
b) noninfectious antigens which includes self antigens, food antigens, plant products, dust, cell surface proteins, synthetic chemicals, venoms and insect toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what 2 things should you consider about antigens

A

epitopes are antigenic determinants and antigens are a component of cell walls and or plasma membranes and have one ore more epitopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 2 categories of immunity

A

innate immune system and adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what 3 things should you consider about innate immune system

A

a) it is rapid and non specific
b) is present at birth
c) uses physical, chemical and cellular components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what 4 things should you consider about adaptive immune system

A

a) slower to respond
b) targets specific organisms
c) develops and adapts as animal matures
d) uses antibodies, memory cells, plasma cells and B/T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what 4 things should you consider about non specific defense mechanisms

A

a) species resistance
b) mechanical and chemical barriers
c) inflammatory response such as phagocytic cellular defense
d) complement and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what should you consider about species resistance

A

it is a natural immunity meaning that not all diseases have the ability to affect all animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 5 mechanical/chemical barriers?

A 
skin/cilia
mucous membranes
mucus
sebum
enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain the 1st, 2nd and 3rd line of defenses

A
  1. once a microorganism has invaded the 1st line of defense kicks in and is the external innate immunity and physical barriers including the skin, self cleaning and normal flora
  2. if the 1st line of defense doesn’t stop the invasion then the 2nd line of defense kicks in which is the internal innate immunity including inflammation lysozyme
  3. if both fail to stop invasion then the 3rd lines of defense which is the adaptive immunity including cell-antibody production/cell mediated immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 5 pathways of acute inflammation and generation

A

a) infection and trauma lead to tissue damage which could then lead to nerve damage resulting in pain
b) infection and trauma leads to tissue damage which results in vasoactive molecules causing pain
c) infection and trauma leads to tissue damage which creates vasoactive molecules leading to increased blood flow causing redness and heat
d) infection and trauma leads to tissue damage which creates vasoactive molecules leading to increased vascular permeability causing swelling
e) infection and trauma leads to tissue damage which creates chemotactic molecules resulting in neutrophil emigration causing swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what 2 things should you consider about phagocytic cellular defense

A

myeloid which includes neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils and macrophage including monocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what 3 things should you consider about neutrophils

A

a) are considered the 1st responder cells to combat invading antigens
b) they respond rapidly and can readily phagocytize the antigen
c) what they cannot do is present antigens to lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what should you consider about macrophages and monocytes

A

macrophages are attracted to bacterial products and by the chemotactic factors released from damaged tissues. they are long lived, secrete cytokines and chemokines can present antigens to immune system and are found in tissues where entry of antigen is likely

18
Q

what 3 things should you consider about complement in plasma

A

a) plasma proteins mostly inactive enzymes
b) activated by the presence of an antigen
c) trigger inflammation and alter microbial membranes

19
Q

why is the complement system a key component of innate immunity

A

complement may either alter microbial membranes or trigger inflammation, either way it hastens the elimination of microbial invaders

20
Q

what 4 things should you consider about cytokines

A

a) communicators, signaling proteins
b) interleukins, interferons, chemokines
c) they mediate the immune and inflammatory response attracting immune cells to a specific site of infection, inflammation or trauma
d) interleukins control leukocytes growth, differentiation and activation during an immune response

21
Q

what are the 7 origins and biological activities of interleukin

A

a) promotes inflammation enhancing collagen synthesis, chondrocyte activity, fibroblast activity, and bone resorption
b) kills cells, specifically tumor cells
c) affects leukocytes enhancing the TH2 cell cytokine production, eosinophil degranulation and basophil degranulation
d) affects the brain inducing fever, drowsiness, and loss of appetite
e) affects metabolism enhancing mucous production, lipoprotein lipase, acute phase protein synthesis and mobilizes amino acids
f) affects blood flow enhancing IFN synthesis and integrin expression
g) affects cell growth by enhancing the growth of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, messengial cells, glial cells and vascular smooth muscle

22
Q

what should you consider about interferons

A

they are proteins produced by an animals immune system interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease by preventing the replication within the host cell

23
Q

what should you consider about chemokines

A

they are chemotactic cytokines that stimulate the movement of leukocytes from blood into tissue and toward an injury/inflammatory site

24
Q

what should you consider about NK cells

A

they are found in blood and lymph, identify and kill virus infected cells, stressed cells and tumor cells and does not cause lysis

25
Q

what are the 3 key features of innate immunity?

A

a) rapid response against invading pathogens
b) nonspecific
c) physical, chemical and cellular barriers

26
Q

what are the 2 types pf specific/acquired immunity

A

a) cell mediated by T cells

b) humoral immunity by B cells

27
Q

what should you consider about specific/acquired immunity

A

it is long lasting involving T and B lymphocytes, APCs although part of innate immune system play a central role in activating lymphocytes

28
Q

what should you consider about T cells

A

t cells are activated lymphocytes that secrete cytokines that are essential for defense against intracellular pathogens, activation of other cells and coordination of immune responses

29
Q

what should you consider about B cells

A

B lymphocytes have 2 functions: secreting antibodies that bind specifically to that antigen that induced the antibody response and memory cells for future exposure

30
Q

what should you consider bout cell mediated immunity

A

it has tightly regulated development, and maturation resulting in T-helper cells, Killer T cells and regulatory

31
Q

what should you consider about humoral immunity

A

the exposure of an animal to a foreign antigen usually elicits a specific immune response and may involve specifically reactive T-cells or and/or antibodies able to bind specifically with the foreign antigen

32
Q

what is a lag period

A

this is typically when an animal is exposed to a particular foreign antigen for the 1st time, no antibodies specific for that antigen will be detected in blood or secretion for several days

33
Q

what 3 things should you consider about antibodies

A

a) renders the antigen harmless to the body
b) causes antigens to agglutinate and be removed from solution
c) destruction of antigenic cells

34
Q

what are the 4 antibodies

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE

35
Q

what should you consider about IgM

A

they are predominant ab in 1st exposure, then disappear, they are large and therefore usually only found in blood and is the 1st Ig made by newborns

36
Q

what should you consider about IgG

A

they are the smallest but most common , found in blood, tissues, and lymph/colostrum crosses placenta are made during 1st exposure and has a slow production

37
Q

what should you consider about IgA

A

in secretions therefore important for antigens entering through mucosal surfaces and blocks penetration of antigen into body

38
Q

what should you consider about IgE

A

they are bound to mast cells, defense against environment and involved in allergic reactions

39
Q

what is mucosal immunity

A

the immunity that happens on a cellular level but at a localized location

40
Q

what is the difference between inherited and acquired immunity

A

inherited immunity affects the fetus before birth while acquired immunity is either natural or artificial and can be passive or active

41
Q

why do diseases occur

A

they occur when specific and non specific immunity work to eliminate foreign substances from the body , essentially meaning the system fails

Med200 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions