Vaccines Flashcards
Examples of inactivated microorganism vaccines
IPV
Pertussis
Examples of inactivated toxin vaccines
Tetanus
Examples of life attenuated vaccines
MMR
BCG
Rotavirus
Examples of polysaccharide vaccines
Pneumococcus
Meningococcus
Haemophilus influenzae
What conditions do you give Ig for in paeds to give passive immunity
Varicella zoster in immunocompromised
RSV in high risk of morbidity/mortality
Causative organism of diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Causative organism of tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Causative organism of pertussis
Bordetella pertussis
Spread of diphtheria
Person to person via respiratory droplets
Clinical features of diphtheria
Local:
Neck swelling - dyspnoea and dysphagia
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Systemic:
Paralysis
Cardiac failure
Cause of neonatal tetanus
Infection of umbilical stump
Clinical features of tetanus
Trismus Risus sardonicus Neck stiffness Dysphagia Opisthotonos
Spread of tetanus
Spores in soil/manure enter body through a wound
Clinical definition of pertussis
Acute cough lasting >14 days with one of:
Paroxysmal cough
Post-tussive cough vomiting
Inspiratory whoop
How can bordetella pertussis be identified
NPA culture
NOT BLOOD CULTURES
How is pertussis spread
Person to person via respiratory droplets
Why can people get recurrent pertussis
Infection by wild type doesn’t provide lifelong immunity
Vaccine lasts ~6 years
Clinical features of 3 phases of pertussis
Catarrhal phase: coryzal symptoms for 1-2 weeks
Paroxysmal phase: cough followed by inspiratory whoop +/- vomiting +/- apnoea for up to 10 weeks
Convalescent phase: chronic cough, bronchial damage
Complications of pertussis
Pneumonia
Weight loss from vomiting
Cerebral hypoxia
Potentially fatal in <2
When is the pertussis vaccine given
Gestation 28-32 weeks
What organism causes poliomyelitis
Enterovirus
Spread of polio
Faecal oral
Where does polio virus multiply
GI + oropharyngeal mucosa
Drains into cervical/mesenteric LNs
Drains into bloodstream
What are the 3 clinical subtypes of poliomyelitis
Subclinical: mild coryzal or asymptomatic
Non paralytic: flu like symptoms
Paralytic: paralysis, respiratory failure
How does haemophilus influenzae present
Meningitis Epiglottitis Pneumonia Pericarditis Septic arthritis Cellulitis Osteomyelitis
How is the haemophilus influenza vaccine made
Capsular polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxin (booster) or diphtheria toxin (primary) to increase the immunogenicity
How does streptococcus pneumonia present
Pneumonia Otitis media Sinusitis Pharyngitis Conjunctivitis
What are the most common capsular groups of neisseria meningitidis
B
C
W
Y
What percentage of patients with meningococcal sepsis have a rash
80%
Spread of measles
Person to person by respiratory droplets or aerosols
Clinical features of measles
Fever with one of the 3 Cs - cough, coryza, conjunctivitis
Koplik spots on inner cheek
Maculopapular rash 3-4 days after onset of fever - starts on face and behind ears
Complications of measles
Immune deficiency - secondary bacterial infections CNS: Acute demyelination encephalomyelitis Measles inclusion body encephalitis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Complications of mumps
Meningitis Encephalitis Sensorineural deafness Orchitis Oophoritis
Complications of rubella
Congenital rubella syndrome - cataracts, VSD
