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Child's Health > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aims of primary exposure vaccines?

A

Pre-expose patients to a vaccine so they will not develop the disease (e.g. polio)

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2
Q

What are the aims of secondary exposure vaccines?

A

Control disease and minimise transmission of a pathogen

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3
Q

Antigens in vaccines are usually which chemical type

A

Polysaccharides

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4
Q

What the means of passive immunity? (2)

A

1) Mother to child

2) From another person (transfusion, IVIG)

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5
Q

The rabies vaccine is active/passive immunity?

A

Passive (transfer of preformed antibodies)

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6
Q

What are the advantages of passive immunity? (5)

A

1) Rapid
2) Post-exposure prophylaxis
3) Infeciton control
4) Can attenuate illness
5) Useful if live vaccine contraindicated

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity? (5)

A

1) Short term protection
2) Short window to use
3) Blood product
4) Expensive
5) Risk of allergy

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8
Q

The % of population which needs to be immunised for effective herd immunity is dependent upon which 2 factors?

A

1) Transmissiability of the pathogen

2) Social interaction of the herd group

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9
Q

Herd immunity can be achieved if there is a pathogen reservoir, T/F?

A

False

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10
Q

What is the % of population that needs to be immunised for herd immunity against measles?

A

90%

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11
Q

What is Ro?

A

The number of infections that can result from 1 infection (a measure of infectivity)

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12
Q

The polio is live/killed vaccine

A

Live

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13
Q

Nasal flu vaccine is lived/killed?

A

Live

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14
Q

MMR is a killed/live vaccine

A

Live

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15
Q

Whole-cell pertussis & typhoid are which class of vaccine

A

Inactivated (killed organism)

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16
Q

Diptheria and tetanus toxins are which class of vaccines?

A

Toxoids (Subunits)

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17
Q

MenC and HiB are which class of vaccines?

A

Conjugate

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18
Q

What are the contraindications to being vaccinated? (5)

A

1) Confirmed prophylaxis to a previous dose of the same vaccine
2) Severe latex allergy
3) Allergy to contents of vaccine (e.g. egg yolk in yellow fever vaccine
4) Evolving illness
5) Live vaccines not given in pregnancy or immunocomprimised status

19
Q

What vaccines are given in the UK at 2 months?

A

First doses: DTaP, IPV, HBV, HiB, MenB, rotavirus, PCV

20
Q

What vaccines are given in the UK at 3 months?

A

Second dose: DTaP, IPV, HBV, HiB, rotavirus

21
Q

What vaccines are given at 4 months?

A

Third dose: DTaP, IPV, HBV, HiB

Second dose: MenB, PCV

22
Q

What vaccines are given at 12-13 months?

A

Third dose: MenB, PCV
Fourth: HiB
First: MMR, MenC

23
Q

What vaccines are given at 3years 4 months to 5 years?

A

Second dose: MMR

DTaP, IPV boosters

24
Q

What vaccines are given between 2-12 years?

A

Flu vaccine

25
Q

Which vaccine is given between 12-18 years old?

A

Polio booster, tetanus-diphtheria

26
Q

Which vaccine is only given to girls aged 12-13 years?

A

HPV

27
Q

Which vaccine is given between 12-13 years?

A

MenACWY

28
Q

Which vaccine is given to all >65 year olds yearly?

A

Flu, PPV (pneumococcal)

29
Q

Which vaccine is given to 70, 71, 72, 78 and 79 year olds?

A

Zoster

30
Q

Diphtheria gram stain

A

Gram positive

31
Q

“White throat” causative agent

A

Diptherhia

32
Q

Meninogococcal disease is caused by which organism?

A

N. meningitidis

33
Q

What % of patients who develop meingococcal meningitis will have permanent neurological deficits?

A

10-15%

34
Q

What are the peak ages for developing meningococcoal meningitis?

A

<5 years old, 15-24 years.

35
Q

Where can N. meningitis be found as a reservoir in the human body?

A

Nasopharynx

36
Q

What are the 3 phases of vaccine testing?

A

1) Is it safe
2) Is it reactogenic (i.e. which dose is given)
3) Is it efficiacous and are there any rare reactions

37
Q

During which phase of vaccine testing is the appropriate dosage confirmed?

A

Phase II

38
Q

In the UK, which scheme is used to report adverse vaccine events?

A

Yellow Card Scheme

39
Q

What is “elimination” in a vaccine context? Give an example

A

Reduction to 0 the incidence of a disease in an area as a result of efforts with continued control in place. Example: neonatal tetanus.

40
Q

What is “eradication” in a vaccine context? Give an example?

A

Reduction to 0 in the incidence of a disease worldwide where no control interventions are required. Example: smallpox

41
Q

What is “extinction” in a vaccine context? Are there any examples?

A

Complete destruction of the incidence & reservoirs of a pathogen. No examples (smallpox does not count)

42
Q

What % of the world population are at risk of malaria infection?

A

40%

43
Q

Malaria kills a child in Africa how often?

A

Every 30 seconds

44
Q

When was the BCG vaccine introduced in the UK?

A

1953

Child's Health (6 decks)

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