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Child's Health > Basics (including Play, Adolescent Health and Global Health) > Flashcards

Basics (including Play, Adolescent Health and Global Health) Flashcards

1
Q

According to the UN, what are the 3 basic rights of all children? (3Ps)

A

1) Protection (from exploitation)
2) Provision (education, healthcare)
3) Participation (freedom of thought)

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2
Q

Ninewells’ place service operates on which days?

A

7 days a week

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3
Q

Why is “PLAY” important? (acronym)

A

P - Participation introduces normality
L - lessens impact of pain and anxiety
A - allows children to work through feelings and fears
Y - yields results as recovery is faster

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4
Q

Children’s play teams always aim to reduce the child’s stress levels, true or false?

A

False - aim is to increase stress short-term to reduce it in long-term.

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5
Q

According to WHO, adolescence occurs between which years

A

10-19

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6
Q

According to WHO, youth occurs between which years?

A

15-24

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7
Q

According to the WHO, young people are how old?

A

10-24

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8
Q

Physical development can be measured through which system?

A

The Tanner Stages

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9
Q

Developmental stage can be assessed using STEP; what is this?

A

S - sexual maturation
T - thinking (presence of abstract reasoning?)
E - education / employment
P - peers

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10
Q

In the UK, patients <16 years old can consent AND refuse treatment, true or false?

A

False - this only applies in Scotland

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11
Q

What is the preferred nomenclature for countries?

A

High, middle and low income

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12
Q

What are the top 5 causes of under 5 mortality globally? (5)

A

1) Preterm birth complications
2) Pneumonia
3) Intrapartum related complications
4) Diarrhoea
5) Neonatal sepsis

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13
Q

What’s the largest cause of mortality in <5 year olds in Africa?

A

Diarrhoea

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14
Q

Most common cause of infant mortality related to diarrhoea?

A

Drinking contaminated water.

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15
Q

HIV is present in approximately how many paediatric infections (in 2014) globally?

A

3.2 million

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16
Q

What age do most children with paediatric HIV die?

A

3-5 years old

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17
Q

With appropriate ART, the chance of paediatric death to HIV can be reduced to what %?

A

<1%

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18
Q

What kind of drug is abacavir & what is it used for

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor - used in HIV therapy

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19
Q

What kind of HIV drug should <3 year olds be started on?

A

Protease inhibitor (such as kaletra)

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20
Q

What kind of HIV drug should >3 year olds be started on?

A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g. efavirenz)

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21
Q

Can HIV patients be given the BCG vaccine?

A

No (it is live)

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22
Q

Can HIV patients be given the nasal flu vaccine?

A

No - it is an attenuated, live vaccine

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23
Q

Can HIV patients be given the injected flu vaccine?

A

Yes - it is killed (note: nasal spray is live attenuated)

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24
Q

Describe the treatment regimen for TB

A

2 months of PRIEst then 4 months of isoniazid & rifampicin

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25
Q

Malaria is which parasite?

A

Plasmodium parasite

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26
Q

Malaria is carried by which vector?

A

Female Anopheles mosquites

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27
Q

How is malaria commonly diagnosed?

A

Blood film

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28
Q

Malaria treatment and prevention is achieved with… How long is it continued for?

A

Artemisin based combination therapy for 3 days

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29
Q

Severe malaria is treated how?

A

IM or IV artesunate

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30
Q

Malnutrition contributes to which % of child deaths?

A

45%

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31
Q

“Severe acute malnutrition” is defined as (3)

A

1) Mid-arm circumference <11mm
2) <3SD for weight-to-height
3) Oedema of both feet

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32
Q

How many % of patients with epilepsy reside in low and middle income countries?

A

80%

33
Q

What % of epilepsy patients in low and middle income countries do not receive the appropriate treatment?

A

75%

34
Q

Maternal secondary school education can reduce the chance of subsequent children dying by…

A

2/3rds

35
Q

An individual has to be at what centile to be overweight (BMI)?

A

91st (equal or above)

36
Q

An individual has to be at what centile to be classed as obese?

A

98th centile

37
Q

Which inherited condition causes a constant desire to eat?

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome

38
Q

How much exercise per day are children recommended to have?

A

1 hour (at least 3 hours for non-walkers)

39
Q

What’s the recommended limit on screen-time for children?

A

<2 hours

40
Q

The only licensed anti-obesity drug is

A

Orlistat

41
Q

Orlistat needs what conditions to be prescribed?

A

Severely obese (>99.6th centile) with comorbidities attending a specialist clinic

42
Q

Passage of pre-formed antibodies from mother to child is a form of which immunity?

A

Passive immunity

43
Q

In vaccination, what is reduction number?

A

The number of new cases which will be reduced by introduction of vaccine programme (e.g. R=1, 1 case will appear in a given time)

44
Q

MMR is a live vaccine, T/F?

A

True

45
Q

Rotavirus vaccine is live, T/F?

A

True

46
Q

The yellow fever vaccine contains which allergen

A

Egg Yolk

47
Q

In the Scottish immunisation programme, how many pathogens are protected against?

A

14

48
Q

The human brain begins development at which week post-conception?

A

3rd week

49
Q

The embryonic period of development lasts from when to when?

A

Week 0-9 of pregnancy

50
Q

During the embryonic period, the embryo is comprised of which layers?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

51
Q

The hypoblast will eventually develop into what structure

A

Placenta

52
Q

In Scotland, if a child refuses a medical procedure what is the next step as a doctor?

A

Seek legal counsel

53
Q

What is “infant mortality rate”?

A

Probability of a child born on a certain year to die before reaching 1 year old (not technically a rate)

54
Q

What are the top 5 causes of <5 year old death in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

1) Pneumonia
2) Preterm complications
3) Intrapartum Complications
4) Diarrhoea
5) Malaria

55
Q

Pneumonia deaths are less than HIV deaths, T/F?

A

False (pneumonia vastly more)

56
Q

How more likely are you to die if you are born in sub-Saharan Africa compared to other low-income countries?

A

14x

57
Q

How many of <5 year old deaths in sub-Saharan Africa are easily treatable/ preventable?

A

50%

58
Q

How many deaths of <5 year olds in sub-Saharan Africa are linked to malnutrition?

A

45%

59
Q

What are the 6 WHO strategies to reduce the number of preventable <5 year old deaths globally?

A

1) Immediate & Exclusive Breastfeeding
2) Skilled antenatal, birth and postnatal care
3) Access to nutrition and micronutrients
4) Family informed of red-flag symptoms
5) Water, sanitation and hygiene
6) Immunisations

60
Q

What % of children born to HIV+ mothers are infected at birth?

A

15-45%

61
Q

T/F: HIV cannot be contracted through the placenta.

A

False - it can be transmitted this way, at birth or via breastfeeding

62
Q

What are the WHO’s 3 strategies to prevent HIV transmission from mother to infant?

A

1) Maternal lifelong ART
2) Screen & treat other STDs in mother
3) Infant prophylaxis for at least 6 weeks after birth or throughout all breastfeeding stage.
(test child at: birth, 6 weeks old & 6 weeks post-breastfeeding)

63
Q

How does HIV present in children?

A

As a “mimic” with recurrent common illnesses (e.g. otitis media), recurrent candidiasis, recurrent severe infections (e.g. meningitis), low-grade fever and chronic parotitis.

Other classical symptoms include PCP, Kaposi’s sarcoma and failure to thrive.

64
Q

How is HIV diagnosed in those <18 months old?

A

PCR on blood sample for HIV DNA & RNA

65
Q

How is HIV diagnosed in those >18 months old?

A

Serology on blood (rapid)

66
Q

What’s the criteria for testing infants for HIV? (2)

A

If the prevalence is >1% or if they have been potentially exposed

67
Q

What is the WHO recommended treatment for children with HIV?

A

2 NRTIs plus one of either NNRTI (>3 years old) or protease inhibitors (<3 years old)
Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis

68
Q

What’s a side effect of HIV treatment? How is it treated?

A

Immune reconstutional syndrome - treat with NSAIDs

69
Q

How is diarrhoea treated in low-income countries?

A

1) ORS (in mild & moderate dehydration)

2) Zinc supplements

70
Q

How is TB diagnosed in children?

A

Mainly by IFN-gamma release assay, chest X-ray and Mantoux test.
Acid-fast bacilli in sputum is low yield in children.

71
Q

How is BCG prevented?

A

Pre and post-exposure isoniazid.

72
Q

How many polymorphisms does each person have?

A

3,000,000

73
Q

What would be the test for a child with poor muscle tone, excess skin at neck, small ears and mouth, upward pointed eyes?

A

Karotype (Down’s)

74
Q

What genetic tool is used to screen for 10Mb deletions?

A

FISH

75
Q

What genetic tool is used to look for single point mutations which can cause a disease?

A

PCR with next gen sequencing

76
Q

aCGH is useful to detect changes at which minimum size?

A

100,000 bp

77
Q

What is the drawback of aCGH?

A

Can only detect unbalanced translocations

78
Q

If you have a chromosomal translocation (e.g. papillary thyroid cancer) what is the screening tool of choice?

A

aCGH

Child's Health (6 decks)

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