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Child's Health > Childhood Development & Nutrition > Flashcards

Childhood Development & Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

By what age should a child be able to sit well alone?

A

9 months

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2
Q

What age should child take first steps?

A

12 months

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3
Q

By what age should a child run?

A

18 months

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4
Q

By what age should a child be able to ascend/descend stairs?

A

2 years

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5
Q

By what age should children have head control?

A

6 weeks

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6
Q

By what age should children be able to roll onto their back from stomach?

A

6 months

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7
Q

By what age should children be able to transfer objects in a palmar grasp?

A

6 months

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8
Q

By what age should children be regarding their hands in the midline?

A

3 months

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9
Q

By what age do children develop pincer grip?

A

12 months

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10
Q

By what age should children be able to build a tower of 3-4 bricks?

A

18 months

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11
Q

By what age should children be able to do a circular scribble?

A

2 years

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12
Q

By what age should children laugh & coo?

A

3 months

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13
Q

By what age should a child scream when annoyed / babble?

A

6 months

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14
Q

By what age should a child know & respond to their name?

A

12 months

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15
Q

By what age should a child know >20 words?

A

18 months

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16
Q

By what age should a child know their own name & gender?

A

3 years

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17
Q

By what age should a child be able to count to 20?

A

5 years

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18
Q

By which age should children be joining 2 or more words?

A

2 years

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19
Q

By which age should children play with their feet?

A

6 months

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20
Q

By which age should children have object permanence?

A

9 months

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21
Q

By which age should children be able to drink from a cup?

A

12 months

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22
Q

By which age should children be able to understand sharing & play with others?

A

3 years

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23
Q

By which age should children be able to dress self?

A

4 years

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24
Q

By which age should children achieve a social smile?

A

6 weeks

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25
Q

By which age should there be no head-lag on pulling to sit?

A

3 months

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26
Q

By which age should children be climbing onto adult chairs?

A

18 months

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27
Q

Hopping should occur by which age?

A

48 months

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28
Q

What test should be given if a child has been unable to walk by 18 months?

A

CK - suggests DMD

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29
Q

Global developmental delay requires delay in how many factors?

A

2 or more of: gross/fine motor skills, speech, cognition, social development

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30
Q

What % of the UK child population has ASD?

A

1%

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31
Q

Gower’s manoeuvre is a sign of… It is caused by…

A

DMD - due to proximal muscle weakness in the thighs

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32
Q

Which tool should be used to assess developmental delay in 0-8 months children?

A

Griffiths

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33
Q

Which tool should be used to screen for ASD?

A

ADOS

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34
Q

Bayley’s is used to assess for developmental delay between what ages?

A

0-3 years

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35
Q

The “neonatal” period lasts for how long?

A

4 weeks after birth

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36
Q

Prolonged jaundice in infants is that which lasts longer than… (2)

A

21 days in preterm infants

14 days in term infants

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37
Q

Bronchiolitis is commonly caused by which pathogen

A

RSV

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38
Q

Which % of the population are within 1SD of the mean for growth?

A

68%

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39
Q

Which % of the population are within 2SDs of the mean for growth?

A

95%

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40
Q

Precocious puberty is puberty occurring before which age(s) in boys & girls? (2)

A

Boys: <9yo
Girls: <8yo

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41
Q

What is the definition of “delayed puberty”

A

No signs of secondary sexual characteristics in girls aged 13 and boys aged 14

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42
Q

The most common system of symptoms children present with is…

A

Respiratory

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43
Q

Croup is bacterial / viral in nature & is treated how?

A

Viral - needs steroids

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44
Q

Posterior rib fracture is very indicative of what

A

NAI

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45
Q

“Child in car winces every time they drive over a speed-bump” is classical for

A

Peritonitis

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46
Q

Delay in passage of meconium for >36 hours is a red flag, T/F?

A

False - after 24 hours

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47
Q

Delay in passage of meconium is a red flag for which 2 conditions

A

CF & Hirschprungs

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48
Q

Describe a bowel surgical emergency which may present in children?

A

Malrotation

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49
Q

What are the red-flags for headache in children? (4)

A

1) Present on waking
2) Worse when cough/ bending
3) Vomiting
4) Visual disturbance

If any present, refer for immediate MRI

50
Q

Innocent murmurs are usually which character?

A

Systolic, low intensity which disappears when supine

51
Q

List some important sources of vitamin A (RNI 350-400micrograms/day)

A

Cheese, eggs, yoghurt

52
Q

List some important sources of vitamin C (RNI 25-30mg/day)

A

Oranges, blackcurrents, potatoes

53
Q

List some important sources of vitamin D (7-8.5micrograms/day)

A

Sunlight, small amounts from oily fish and eggs (intake is below this for most infants in Scotland)

54
Q

Breastfeeding mothers should take what supplements a day? How much should they take?

A

Vitamin D + 10micrograms per day

55
Q

1g of salt contains how much sodium?

A

393mg

56
Q

Children <5yo capable of walking should receive how much physical activity per day?

A

180 minutes

57
Q

What are the UK DoH guidelines for physical activity in children aged 5-18 years?

A

> 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity
3 days/ week of vigorous activies
Minimal sitting time

58
Q

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for how long?

A

First 6 months of life

59
Q

Is Follow-Up milk recommended above 6 months?

A

No, no clear advantage

60
Q

Skimmed milk should not be given before which age?

A

5 years

61
Q

Semi-skimmed milk should not be given before which age?

A

2 years

62
Q

Gluten free foods should be given if the baby is <6 months old, T/F?

A

True

63
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding? (3)

A

1) Greater likelihood of higher IQ at 7 1/2 years
2) Lower obesity risk later in life
3) Lower maternal breast cancer risk

64
Q

Those with 4 or more ACEs are how many more times likely to become a high-risk drinker in later life?

A

4x

65
Q

Those with 4 or more ACEs are how many more times likely to have an unintended teenage pregnancy later in life?

A

6x

66
Q

What is the range of normal human hearing in Hertz?

A

20-20,000

67
Q

Which parts of the ear are the receiver, amplifier and transducer?

A 
Receiver = outer ear
Amplifier = middle ear
Transducer = inner ear
68
Q

From how many weeks can the foetus hear in-utero?

A

18 weeks

69
Q

From how many weeks can the foetus respond to sound in-utero?

A

26 weeks

70
Q

What is the normal pattern of speech present at 3 months?

A

Cooing, recognises mother’s voice

71
Q

What is the normal pattern of speech present by 6 months?

A

Happy & sad sounds, will turn head toward a sound

72
Q

What is the normal pattern of speech present by 12 months?

A

Can say “mama” or “dada” and follow simple instructions

73
Q

What is the pattern of speech present between 12-24 months?

A

Syllable deletion, syllable simplification, substitutions (R for L or W) and use of a single word to describe a situation (e.g. ‘milk’ for ‘I’m hungry’)

74
Q

By 18 months, what pattern of speech should be present?

A

Say a few words

75
Q

By 24 months, what pattern of speech should be present?

A

> 50 words, two-word phrases

76
Q

What pattern of speech should be present in 24-36 months?

A

3-word sentences and rhymes. Uses words when unclear (e.g. all insects may be “ant” or “bug”)

77
Q

A delay in speech is a failure to achieve milestones following how many months?

A

6 months

78
Q

If a child is suspected to have a speech delay, by which age should they be referred to SALT?

A

27 months

79
Q

Approx. which % of cases of congenital profound hearing loss are genetic?

A

50% (50% are acquired)

80
Q

Screening of hearing has been done on all UK infants since when

A

2000

81
Q

How is screening of infants for hearing performed?

A

The outer ear hairs produce sound; this can be detected

82
Q

T/F: Most congenital profound hearing loss is syndromic?

A

False - most is non-syndromic (i.e. linked to gene mutations and other causes)

83
Q

Describe Usher’s Syndrome (3)

A

Most common syndromic reason for loss of hearing and vision. Hearing loss + retinitis pigmentosa. Inherited AR.

84
Q

Describe Pendred’s Syndrome (3)

A

Hearing loss + goitre. AR inheritance. Due to malformation of middle ear.

85
Q

Describe Alport’s Syndrome (4)

A

Hearing loss + eye problems + renal disease. Caused by error in collagen type IV. AR or X-linked. Can progress to ESRD.

86
Q

What is the line in the exact middle of a Gaussian distribution?

A

The mean / 50th centile

87
Q

What does the SD measure?

A

Variability around a meme

88
Q

What is the Z-score with reference to a growth chart?

A

The number of SD a value is from the mean

89
Q

If 100 people are measured, how many people will fall within 1SD of the mean on a growth chart?

A

68

90
Q

If 100 people are measured, how many people will fall within 2SDs of the mean on a growth chart?

A

95

91
Q

How have growth charts been changing in the past 30 years?

A

Shift to the right (i.e. weight increasing)

92
Q

How should a baby be weighed in clinic? (2)

A

1) Without any clothes or nappy

2) On a class III clinical scale using metric system

93
Q

How should children older than 2 be weighed in clinic? (2)

A

1) Weighed in vest and pants but no shoes, footwear or dolls/ teddies in hand
2) On a class III clinical scale using metric system

94
Q

Head circumference should be measured at which area of head?

A

Wherever it is widest

95
Q

An infant’s length can be measured while the infant is clothed. T/F?

A

False - no nappy or footwear.

96
Q

A child’s height should be measured upon expiration, T/F?

A

True

97
Q

How should a child >2’s height be measured?

A

Rigid rule with a T-piece

98
Q

Can a child’s height be measured with shoes on?

A

No

99
Q

When plotting a growth chart, dots should be written in pen and joined with a ruler, T/F?

A

False - they should be written in pencil and dots not joined up

100
Q

When counting ages on a growth chart, the months should be rounded up (e.g. a child that is 5.5 months old would be marked as 6 months), T/F?

A

True

101
Q

If a point on a growth chart is exactly on the centile or within 1/4 of a space how is it described?

A

“On the Xth centile”

102
Q

If a point is halfway between two centiles on a growth chart how should it be described?

A

“Between centile X and Y”

103
Q

If a child’s growth falls through centiles, how is this reported?

A

“A fall through X centile spaces”

104
Q

What is the average of puberty onset for girls? What about boys?

A

11 years

Boys tend to be 6 months later

105
Q

What are the gonadotrophins?

A

FSH and LH

106
Q

Which hypothalamus hormone triggers puberty?

A

GnRH

107
Q

What is precocious puberty in boys & girls?

A

Boys: normal pubertal development before 9 years old.
Girls: normal pubertal development before 8 years old.

108
Q

What is pubertal delay?

A

Absence of secondary sexual development in a girl aged 13 or a boy aged 14 years.

109
Q

Pubertal delay is more common in which sex?

A

Male

110
Q

What is the average height difference between men and women?

A

12.5-14cm

111
Q

How is short stature classified? (2)

A

Genetic short stature & constitutional growth delay

112
Q

What is genetic short stature?

A

A healthy child who has inherited short stature from parents. No underlying pathology.

113
Q

What is constitutional growth delay?

A

A late maturation causing short stature. Cause usually unknown.

114
Q

T/F: Psychosocial deprivation can cause short stature.

A

True

115
Q

T/F: Chronic Disease can cause short stature.

A

True

116
Q

In the UK, children receive more than/ less than RNI for: protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, salt?

A 
Protein: exceeds RNI
Vitamin A: exceeds RNI
Vitamin C: exceeds RNI
Vitamin D: less than RNI 
Salt: Exceeds RNI
117
Q

If a 6month+ child is not drinking at least 500mL of milk per day, what intervention is recommended?

A

Vitamin A, C and D supplement

118
Q

The infant phase of growth is led by which factor

A

Nutrients

119
Q

The child phase of growth is led by which factor

A

GH

120
Q

The adolescence phase of growth is led by which factor

A

Sex steroids

Child's Health (6 decks)

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