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Advanced Cell Biology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases from spreading?

A

Prevent transmission

Prevent infection

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2
Q

Intentional exposure to pathogens in a form that cannot cause an infectious disease.

A

Vaccination

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3
Q

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

A

To develop long-term immune protection against the pathogen

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4
Q

The vaccine acts as the ______ _______ to the pathogen, to develop memory __ and __ cells.
The idea is that when the person is naturally infected with the _________ pathogen, the person will have a more _________ immunity the second time around.

A

primary exposure
T, B
identical
effective

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5
Q

Stops transmission of infectious diseases so it protects susceptible individuals.

A

Herd immunity

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6
Q

Herd immunity protects what individuals?

A

Susceptible individuals (the very young, old or immunocompromised)

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7
Q

Herd immunity is only effective when a _______ number of people ar immune

A

sufficient

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8
Q

Herd immunity needs to generally be higher for what kinds of diseases?

A

Those in which the pathogens have high speeds of replication

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9
Q

Was Andrew Wakefield’s study valid?

A

NO!

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10
Q

Is there any evidence to support the link between MRR vaccine and autism?

A

No

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11
Q

What is the correlation between immunization rates and infection rates.

A

Inverse

As immunization rates go down, infection rates go up.

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12
Q

How did Edward Jenner develop the first vaccine against smallpox?

A

Inoculated a boy with cowpox virus.

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13
Q

Why does inoculation with cowpox lead to immunity to smallpox?

A

Both belong to the pox family of viruses.
Because of this, they share similar antigens and will thus produce memory T and B cells that are effective against small pox.

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14
Q

How did Louis Pasteur develop his version of vaccines?

A

Used pasteurization to heat kill pathogens.

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15
Q

What are the different, licensed vaccines in use today?

A
  1. Live, attenuated vaccines
  2. Killed/inactivated vaccines
  3. Subunit vaccines
    a) - Toxoid vaccines
    b) - conjugate vaccines
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16
Q

Describe a live, attenuated vaccine.

A

Microorganism is attenuated or weakened
- still expresses surface antigens
replicates in vaccinated individual at a REDUCED or SLOWER rate

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17
Q

Why is it important that the inactivated pathogen replicates slower?

A

Replicates so slowly that it will never beat the immune system, and always gets destroyed

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18
Q

Live, attenuated vaccines mimic a ________ microbe, so recipients produce a ______ primary immune response.

A

natural

normal

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19
Q

What cells are developed from live, attenuated vaccines?

A

Long-lived PC, memory B and T cells

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20
Q

Attenuated microbes must do what to be effective in developing immunity?

A

Replicate

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21
Q

What are two methods of attenuating pathogens?

A
  1. Using animal viruses that are naturally attenuated for humans
  2. Cell culture - generate mutants of the microbe that cannot replicate competently in humans
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22
Q

Which attenuation method is mainly used for viruses?

A

Cell culture

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23
Q

Which of the two attentuation methods is least common?

A

Using naturally attenuated animal viruses.

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24
Q

How does the cell culture method of attenuation work?

A

Grow microbe in non-human cells and/or altered conditions

Select mutant microbes that replicate well in the foreign ells/conditions and replicate poorly in human cells.

25
Q

Why is it more difficult to attenuate bacteria using cell culture?

A

Bacteria have more genes than viruses so, genes that encode for antigens can be altered
(in addition to genes important for replication)

26
Q

What are the advantages of live vaccines?

A

Mimics natural infection
Develop T and B cell long-term protective immunity
Usually immunity is achieved with one, low dose
Raises immune response to all antigens/multiple epitopes

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of live vaccines?

A

Usually require refrigeration (issue for developing countries)

In unlikely cases:

  • could spread to susceptible persons
    • cannot be used in immunodeficient or pregnant people
  • may revert back to virulent form
28
Q

Live vaccines are technically _________ for most vaccines under development.

A

unachievable

29
Q

What happens if a live, attenuated vaccine is underattenuated?
Overattenuated?

A

Under - cause disease

over - doesn’t provoke an immune response

30
Q

What is the major difference between inactivated vaccines and attenuated vaccines?

A

Microbes cannot replicate in inactivated vaccines

31
Q

Inactivated vaccines are used with microbes with what characteristics?

A

1 - cannot be attenuated

2 - Have oncogenic potential

32
Q

How are microbes inactivated?

A

Using heat, UV radiation or chemicals

33
Q

What is critical in the inactivation process?

A

That the inactivation process DOES NOT alter antigens

34
Q

What are the advantages of inactivated vaccines?

A

Microbe CANNOT return to a virulent form
- thus, cannot cause disease
safer than live, attenuated
can be used with immunodeficient patients

35
Q

What is a small risk associated with inactivated vaccines?

A

That not all pathogens are inactivated during preparation

36
Q

Why is it unlikely that not all microbes are inactivated for an inactivated vaccine?

A

There are strict criteria for approval - if even one is still alive, the vaccine does not get approved

37
Q

What are subunit vaccines composed of?

A

Purified antigens

38
Q

What are the different purified antigens used in subunit vaccines?

A

Proteins or toxins

Polysaccharides

39
Q

How are subunit vaccines prepared?

A

Grow microbe in culture
Antigens are shed (in the case of bacterial toxins) or chemicals are used to break apart the microbe and release the surface antigens (proteins or polysaccharides)
Antigens are then purified and injected into host

40
Q

The seasonal influenza vaccine is an example of what type of vaccine?

A

Subunit vaccine

41
Q

What are the two important surface antigens of the influenza virus?

A

Hemagglutinin

Neuraminidase

42
Q

How is the influenza vaccine made?

A

Inject chicken eggs with the influenza virus they select for the season
Replicates in the embryo
Crack egg and use detergents to break up influenza and purify H and N antigens

43
Q

Why do people with allergies to eggs not get the seasonal flu shot?

A

Because that is where the influenza virus is grown

44
Q

Toxoid subunit vaccines area against what?

A

Bacterial toxins

45
Q

How is a toxin converted to a toxoid?

A

Inactivate the toxin moeity so it loses its toxicity using heat or chemicals.

46
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

Toxin without the toxic moiety that retains its antigens but does not cause disease

47
Q

Conjugate subunit vaccines are used when antigens are of what type?

A

Polysaccharides

48
Q

How are conjugate subunit vaccines made?

A

Polysaccharide antigen is conjugated to a protein to make a B cell bind to a T cell

49
Q

What is the polysaccharide usuallly linked to in a conjugate subunit vaccine?

A

diphteria or tetanus toxoid

50
Q

What is important about the protein conjugates?

A

People must already have developed immunity to the toxoids before using them as conjugates

51
Q

Why does the polysaccharide need to be conjugated?

A 
Only protein antigens generate memory T and B cells.
By providing a protein antigen, the Tfh can bind to the B cell (which presents peptides on MHC2) to release cytokines and allow class switching, along with clonal expansion.
52
Q

What is the main advantage of subunit vaccines?

A

Zero risk of pathogenicity - safe for immunocompromised persons

53
Q

What are disadvantages of inactivated and subunit vaccines?

A

Preparation may alter antigen’s conformation
stimulates a weaker immune response then live vaccines
- requires a larger dose adn multiple boosters to create long term immunity
- vaccine requires an adjuvant

54
Q

What are adjuvants. What do they do?

A

Adjuvants enhance the immune response to vaccine antigens

  • require a lower dose of antigens
  • require fewer boosters
55
Q

Adjuvants are not required for what vaccine type?

A

Live, attenuated

56
Q

Most human vaccines use what as an adjuvant?

A

Alum

57
Q

How does alum work?

not tested on this

A

Traps vaccine antigens in tissue at injection site

  • leads to slow and persistent release of vaccine antigens
  • allows for easier detection and prolonged uptake by dendritic cells
58
Q

What is the main limitation of alumn? i.e. what types of pathogens is it not effective against?

A

Only generates B cell immunity

Not effective against intracellular bacteria and intracellular viruses

Advanced Cell Biology (15 decks)

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