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Immuno Final > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

goal of vaccination is to attempt to STIMULATE _____ immune system to create _____

A

adaptive

memory

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2
Q

pros of NATURAL immunity

A

natural
no vaccine-associated adverse events
long lasting

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3
Q

cons of NATURAL immunity

A

typically must experience infectious disease
risk of disease complications
potential transmission to others during infectious state

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4
Q

pros of ARTIFICIALLY acquired immunity

A

relatively long lasting WITHOUT having full blown disease
reduces risk of complications from disease
reduces spread of infection in population

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5
Q

cons of ARTIFICIALLY acquired immunity

A

artificial ingredients
potential vaccine side effects
risk for LT adverse events

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6
Q

(2) methods of artificial immunity

A

active immunization

passive immunization

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7
Q

administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a protective immune response

A

active immunization

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8
Q

individual acquires immunity through transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animals

A

passive immunization

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9
Q

infected children with a material from a SMALLPOX scab to induce immunity is called:

A

variolation

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10
Q

effectiveness of ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION checked by measure of antibody IgG or IgM level in BLOOD

A

titer

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11
Q

when the titer is low, antibody production can be bolstered by administration of more ANTIGEN

A

booster immunization

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12
Q

modified live vaccines that use pathogens with REDUCED VIRULENCE; results in mild infections, can provide CONTACT IMMUNITY
**organism is ALIVE, so can revert to “wild type”

A

attenuated vaccine (aka modified live)

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13
Q

common inactivating agent used in non-infectious vaccines that glues proteins together so cannot infect cells because proteins are non-functional

A

formaldehyde

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14
Q

vaccines that are safer than LIVE vaccines; but are antigenically weak (don’t provide many antigens to stimulate immune system); often contain ADJUVANTS

A

inactivated (killed) vaccines

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15
Q

chemicals added to INCREASE effective antigenicity
may stimulate local inflammation
INCREASE IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

adjuvants

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16
Q

_______ in ABSENCE of antigen trigger autoimmune responses that may lead to ______

A

adjuvants

AI diseases

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17
Q

MC adjuvant in human vaccines that is found in IMMUNE COMPLEXES post vaccination

A

aluminum phosphate

18
Q

antacids are a potentially large source of exposure to ____; as well as OTC pain killers, NSAIDS, douche preparations, antiperspirants, toothpaste, dental amalgams, bleached flour, grated cheese, table salt, beer and baking powder

A

aluminum

19
Q

aluminum type that is considered “safer” than aluminum hydroxide because LESS easily absorbed and eliminated from body more efficiently

A

aluminum phosphate

20
Q

currently, it is NOT KNOW if aluminum is administered as ________ is toxic to _____

A

adjuvant in vaccines

children

21
Q

_____ vaccine: chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity (actually CAUSE SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE); useful for some BACTERIAL diseases; requires ________

A

toxoid vaccine

requires multiple doses

22
Q

ex. of toxoid vaccine

A

tetanus

23
Q

simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens is _____ vaccine; MANY concerns with ADVERSE reactions,

A

combination vaccines

24
Q

ex. of combination vaccines

A

MMR

DTaP (diphtheria, tetaneus, pertussis)

25
Q

ex of recombinate vaccines (2)

A

HPV

Hep B vaccine

26
Q

vaccine where organisms are created and genes are REMOVED that IMPAIR virulence and/or replication

A

recombinate vaccine

27
Q

theory that it is important to follow recommended immunization schedule not not to protect the individual, but also to provide society with ______

A

herd immunity

28
Q

in herd immunity, it is said that ________ people will be protected because their individual chance of encountering ______ is DECREASED

A

unvaccinated

pathogen

29
Q

when the pool of unvaccinated individuals grows above _______ where the infectious organism still persists, _______ effective is reduced and outbreaks often occur (in theory)

A

threshold

herd immunity

30
Q

administration of antiserum containing preformed antibodies that provides IMMEDIATE protection

A

passive immunotherapy (passive immunization)

31
Q

antitoxin and antivenin are examples of

A

passive immunotherapy

32
Q

immunoglobulins given to provide immediate protection against toxins, such as BOTULISM food poisoning or TETANUS

A

antitoxin

33
Q

used to treat VENOMOUS bites or stings

A

antivenin

34
Q

_____ are formed by mixing and fusing plasma cells and myeloma cells, long lived and produce antibodies in order to overcome DEGRADATION

A

hybridomas

35
Q

____ ______ B and T cells CAN BE produced even when invader DOES NOT infect an APC

A

memory helper B and T cells

36
Q

For ___ _____ T CELLS to be made, the attacker MUST infect an APC on ______

A

memory killer T cells

MHC I

37
Q

in some cases, virus-specifc CTLs can be generated even when virus does infect APC. the APC uses MHC I molecules

A

cross-presentation

NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD idea

38
Q

one important feature of ATTENUATED viruses is that they can produce ________ cells; but can also have serious consequences if individual is already immunospressed and virus may mutate

A

memory KILLER T CELLS

39
Q

thimerosol, mercury containing preservative is typically found in SOME ______ vaccines

A

some influenza vaccines

**NOT IN CHILDHOOD VACCINES*

40
Q

aluminum adjuvants stimulate production of ______ and can INCREASE levels of _________ in the brain

A

cytokines

pro-inflammatory cytokines

Immuno Final (4 decks)

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