Cancer

Question 1

cancer is a ____ system problem

Answer 1

control

Question 2

2 basic types of control systems

Answer 2

system that promote normal cell growth

safeguard systems that protect against uncontrolled cell growth

Question 3

mutated version of a gene

Answer 3

oncogene

Question 4

a particulat gene that when mutated can cause a cell to proliferate inappropriately

Answer 4

proto-oncogene

Question 5

internal safeguards against malfunction of control system

Answer 5

proteins that help prevent mutations

proteins that can fixed damaged DNA

Question 6

if genetic damage due to mutation is severe –>

Answer 6

apoptosis

Question 7

mutation in ____ found commonly in most tumors

Answer 7

p53 (tumor supressor)

Question 8

estimated that btwn ___ and ___ mutations are required to produce cancers

Answer 8

4-7 mutations

Question 9

karposi sarcoma is associated with people who have _____

Answer 9

HHV-8 in AIDS patients

Question 10

cervical cancer caused by

Answer 10

HPV

Question 11

liver cancer associated with ______ in about 20% of cases

Answer 11

hepatitis B

Question 12

estimated that viral infections contribute to ____% of all cancers

Answer 12

15-20%

Question 13

_____ protein deficient mice raised in pathogen FREE conditions are more likely to develop tumors

Answer 13

RAG-2

Question 14

spontaneous tumors are ____ of cancers and _____ are probably NOT EFFECTIVE at killing them because of TRAFFIC PATTERN ISSUES, conflict btwn self-tolerance and surveillance and unable to supply co-stimulation

Answer 14

majority

CTLs

Question 15

virus associated tumors are probably _______ due to _____ viruses are the ones associated with cancer & CTL’s are generally ______ against these

Answer 15

limited
hiding
not effective

Question 16

CTLs are somewhat effective against cancerous _______ because _______ of cancer cells in blood and VIRGIN T cells intersect and some cancerous blood cells express high levels of ___, a co-stimulator

Answer 16

blood cells
traffic patterns
B7

Question 17

______ may provide surveillance against some cancers, hyperactive macrophages secrete ____ and express it on their surface which can kill certain types of cancers

Answer 17

macrophages

TNF

Question 18

immune cells that are most likely effective against certain types of cancer

Answer 18

NK cells

Question 19

MPDL320A is a manufactured ____ that targets protein called _____ and enables ____ of immune system to use T cells more effectively attack cancer cells

Answer 19

antibody

PD-L1

Question 20

injecting tumor with bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) which hyper activates macrophages –> destroy tumor is considered an _______ against cancer

Answer 20

immune therapy against cancer

Question 21

____ is found on the surface of many CANCER cells and IMPAIRS immune system’s ability to fight the disease

Answer 21

PD-L1

Question 22

____ protein is necessary to assemble BCR and TCR

Answer 22

RAG-2