Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

cancer is a ____ system problem

A

control

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2
Q

2 basic types of control systems

A

system that promote normal cell growth

safeguard systems that protect against uncontrolled cell growth

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3
Q

mutated version of a gene

A

oncogene

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4
Q

a particulat gene that when mutated can cause a cell to proliferate inappropriately

A

proto-oncogene

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5
Q

internal safeguards against malfunction of control system

A

proteins that help prevent mutations

proteins that can fixed damaged DNA

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6
Q

if genetic damage due to mutation is severe –>

A

apoptosis

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7
Q

mutation in ____ found commonly in most tumors

A

p53 (tumor supressor)

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8
Q

estimated that btwn ___ and ___ mutations are required to produce cancers

A

4-7 mutations

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9
Q

karposi sarcoma is associated with people who have _____

A

HHV-8 in AIDS patients

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10
Q

cervical cancer caused by

A

HPV

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11
Q

liver cancer associated with ______ in about 20% of cases

A

hepatitis B

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12
Q

estimated that viral infections contribute to ____% of all cancers

A

15-20%

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13
Q

_____ protein deficient mice raised in pathogen FREE conditions are more likely to develop tumors

A

RAG-2

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14
Q

spontaneous tumors are ____ of cancers and _____ are probably NOT EFFECTIVE at killing them because of TRAFFIC PATTERN ISSUES, conflict btwn self-tolerance and surveillance and unable to supply co-stimulation

A

majority

CTLs

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15
Q

virus associated tumors are probably _______ due to _____ viruses are the ones associated with cancer & CTL’s are generally ______ against these

A

limited
hiding
not effective

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16
Q

CTLs are somewhat effective against cancerous _______ because _______ of cancer cells in blood and VIRGIN T cells intersect and some cancerous blood cells express high levels of ___, a co-stimulator

A

blood cells
traffic patterns
B7

17
Q

______ may provide surveillance against some cancers, hyperactive macrophages secrete ____ and express it on their surface which can kill certain types of cancers

A

macrophages

TNF

18
Q

immune cells that are most likely effective against certain types of cancer

A

NK cells

19
Q

MPDL320A is a manufactured ____ that targets protein called _____ and enables ____ of immune system to use T cells more effectively attack cancer cells

A

antibody

PD-L1

20
Q

injecting tumor with bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) which hyper activates macrophages –> destroy tumor is considered an _______ against cancer

A

immune therapy against cancer

21
Q

____ is found on the surface of many CANCER cells and IMPAIRS immune system’s ability to fight the disease

A

PD-L1

22
Q

____ protein is necessary to assemble BCR and TCR

A

RAG-2