Cancer Flashcards
cancer is a ____ system problem
control
2 basic types of control systems
system that promote normal cell growth
safeguard systems that protect against uncontrolled cell growth
mutated version of a gene
oncogene
a particulat gene that when mutated can cause a cell to proliferate inappropriately
proto-oncogene
internal safeguards against malfunction of control system
proteins that help prevent mutations
proteins that can fixed damaged DNA
if genetic damage due to mutation is severe –>
apoptosis
mutation in ____ found commonly in most tumors
p53 (tumor supressor)
estimated that btwn ___ and ___ mutations are required to produce cancers
4-7 mutations
karposi sarcoma is associated with people who have _____
HHV-8 in AIDS patients
cervical cancer caused by
HPV
liver cancer associated with ______ in about 20% of cases
hepatitis B
estimated that viral infections contribute to ____% of all cancers
15-20%
_____ protein deficient mice raised in pathogen FREE conditions are more likely to develop tumors
RAG-2
spontaneous tumors are ____ of cancers and _____ are probably NOT EFFECTIVE at killing them because of TRAFFIC PATTERN ISSUES, conflict btwn self-tolerance and surveillance and unable to supply co-stimulation
majority
CTLs
virus associated tumors are probably _______ due to _____ viruses are the ones associated with cancer & CTL’s are generally ______ against these
limited
hiding
not effective
CTLs are somewhat effective against cancerous _______ because _______ of cancer cells in blood and VIRGIN T cells intersect and some cancerous blood cells express high levels of ___, a co-stimulator
blood cells
traffic patterns
B7
______ may provide surveillance against some cancers, hyperactive macrophages secrete ____ and express it on their surface which can kill certain types of cancers
macrophages
TNF
immune cells that are most likely effective against certain types of cancer
NK cells
MPDL320A is a manufactured ____ that targets protein called _____ and enables ____ of immune system to use T cells more effectively attack cancer cells
antibody
PD-L1
injecting tumor with bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) which hyper activates macrophages –> destroy tumor is considered an _______ against cancer
immune therapy against cancer
____ is found on the surface of many CANCER cells and IMPAIRS immune system’s ability to fight the disease
PD-L1
____ protein is necessary to assemble BCR and TCR
RAG-2
